Yumuşak Kat Etkisine Sahip Betonarme Bir Yapının Sürtünme Tipi Sönümleyicilerle Güçlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 1745 - 1757, 30.10.2025

Recep Suk

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1743493

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği 2018 (TBDY 2018) kapsamında yumuşak kat özelliği taşıyan mevcut bir betonarme yapının deprem performansının belirlenmesi ve sürtünme tipi sönümleyici kullanılarak güçlendirilmesi ele alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, planda her iki yönde üç açıklıklı olarak tasarlanan yapı beş kattan oluşmaktadır. Zaman tanım analizleri sonucunda, referans yapının kolonlarının %87,5’inin TBDY 2018 hasar sınırlarını karşılamadığı; ayrıca yumuşak kat düzensizliği nedeniyle zemin kat ηki değerlerinin ortalamasının sınır değerden %310 oranında daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sorunu çözmek amacıyla yapının zemin katına X ve Y yönlerinde ikişer adet sürtünme tipi sönümleyici eklendiğinde, kolonlardaki hasar durumlarının TBDY 2018 sınır şartlarını sağladığı ancak ηki değerleri ortalamasının %130 oranına düştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Sönümleyici sayısı her yön için dörde çıkarılıp kayma yükü kapasiteleri arttırıldığında ise hasar gözlenmemiş ve yumuşak kat düzensizliği ortadan kalkmıştır.

Keywords

Yumuşak Kat düzensizliği , Sürtünme tipi sönümleyici , Betonarme yapı

Seismic Retrofitting of a Reinforced Concrete Structure with Soft-Story Irregularity Using Friction-Type Dampers

Abstract

This study investigates the seismic performance of an existing reinforced concrete building with a soft-story irregularity in accordance with the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC, 2018), and its retrofitting using friction-type dampers. Within the scope of the study, the building, designed with three spans in each direction in the plan, consists of five stories. As a result of the time-history analyses, it was determined that 87.5% of the columns in the reference structure did not meet the damage limits specified in TBEC 2018. Furthermore, due to the soft-story irregularity, the average ηki values at the ground floor exceeded the limit value by 310%. To address this issue, two friction-type dampers were added in both the X and Y directions at the ground floor. It was found that the damage levels in the columns satisfied the TBEC 2018 limit requirements; however, the average ηki values were reduced only to 130%. When the number of dampers was increased to four per direction and their shear capacities were enhanced, no damage was observed, and the soft-story irregularity was eliminated.

Keywords

Soft Story Irregularity , Friction Type Damper , Performance Based Design

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited

References

• Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD). (2018). Turkey earthquake hazard map. Disaster and Emergency Management Authority. https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-deprem-tehlike-haritasi
• Ascione, F., De Maio, U., Greco, F., Lonetti, P., Sgambitterra, G., & Pranno, A. (2023). Failure analysis of RC structures retrofitted with nano-enhanced FRP systems. Procedia Structural Integrity, 47, 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2023.07.078
• Akyürek, O., Tekeli, H., & Demir, F. (2017). Plandaki dolgu duvar yerleşiminin bina performansı üzerindeki etkisi. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 10(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.419660.
• Bahmani, P., Lindt, J. W. van de, Pryor, S. E., Mochizuki, G. L., Gershfeld, M., Rammer, D., Tian, J., & Symans, M. D. (2014, June). Performance-based seismic retrofit of soft-story wood frame buildings. Structure Magazine, 24-27.
• Beklen, C., & Çağatay, İ. H. (2016). Çerçevelerde dolgu duvar modellerinin incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), Article 1.
• Benavent-Climent, A., & Mota-Páez, S. (2017). Earthquake retrofitting of R/C frames with soft first story using hysteretic dampers: Energy-based design method and evaluation. Engineering Structures, 137, 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.053
• Chaudhari, D. J., & Dhoot, G. O. (2016). Performance based seismic design of reinforced concrete building. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 6(2), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2016.62017
• Chopra, A. K. (2012). Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
• Dalyan, İ., & Sahin, B. (2019). Evaluation of the structural system performance of an existing reinforced concrete building under earthquake loads according to the 2007 and 2018 Turkish earthquake codes. Türk Deprem Arastirma Dergisi, 1(2), 134 - 147. https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.631998
• Damcı, E., Temür, R., Kanbir, Z., Şekerci, Ç., & Öztorun Köroğlu, E. (2025). Comprehensive investigation of damage due to 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Türkiye: Causes, consequences, and mitigation. Journal of Building Engineering, 99, Article 111420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111420
• Dya, A. F. C., & Oretaa, A. W. C. (2015). Seismic vulnerability assessment of soft story irregular buildings using pushover analysis. Procedia Engineering, 125, 925-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.103
• Furtado, A., Rodrigues, H., Varum, H., & Costa, A. (2017). Evaluation of different strengthening techniques’ efficiency for a soft storey building. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 21(4), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2015.1119064
• Grossi, E., De Risi, R., Zerbin, M., De Luca, F., & Aprile, A. (2025). A novel bidirectional friction damper for retrofitting of RC precast structures: Experimental and numerical assessment. Engineering Structures, 339, Article 120529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120529
• Işın, A., & Vatansever, C. (2025). Dışmerkez çaprazlı çelik çerçevelerde kapasite tasarımı yaklaşımının ve deprem performansının zaman tanım alanında doğrusal olmayan hesap yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 16(1), 243 - 256 https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1592049
• Izadpanah, M., Shahidzadeh, M. S., & Zibasokhan, H. (2025). Retrofitting stepped gravity load designed RC buildings with soft-story irregularity by installing hysteretic damper braces. Structures, 78, Article 109383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109383
• Jara, J. M., Hernández, E. J., Olmos, B. A., & Martínez, G. (2020). Building damages during the September 19, 2017 earthquake in Mexico City and seismic retrofitting of existing first soft-story buildings. Engineering Structures, 209, Article 109977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109977
• Korkmaz, A. (2006). Nonlinear pushover analysis for high rise R/C frame structures. Journal of Science and Technology of Dumlupınar University, 11, 87-100.
• Ma, C., Li, K., Gao, H., Lu, D., Wang, G., & Du, X. (2023). Seismic performance of underground structures improved by using PET FRP retrofitting central columns. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 142, Article 105435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2023.105435
• Mallikarjuna, A., Yadav, D., Bhartiya, R., Oinam, R. M., & Sahoo, D. R. (2025). Seismic retrofitting of an existing non-ductile open-ground story RC frame by partial infilling with RC shear walls: An experimental study. Engineering Structures, 335, Article 120397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120397
• Meghdadian, M., Masoodi, A. R., & Ghalehnovi, M. (2024). Experimental study to unraveling the seismic behavior of CFRP retrofitting composite coupled shear walls for enhanced resilience. Composites Part C: Open Access, 15, Article 100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100523
• Noori, M. Z., Nakada, K., Kuroki, M., Javadi, P., Kaneda, K., & Tokura, M. (2025). Shear strength of surrounding columns in URM-infilled RC frames retrofitted using the thick hybrid wall technique. Engineering Structures, 329, Article 119841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119841
• Öncü, M., Yön, B., & Ulucan, Z. (2009). Zaman tanım alanında analiz yöntemi kullanılarak binalardaki A3 düzensizliğinin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 147-155.
• PEER Ground Motion Database. (2022). Spectra. Pacific earthquake engineering research center, University of California, Berkeley. https://peer.berkeley.edu/peer-ground-motion-database
• Pollini, N. (2024). Simultaneous analysis and design optimization for seismic retrofitting of hysteretic structures with fluid viscous dampers. Journal of Building Engineering, 87, Article 109123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109123
• Pujari, A. B., Bhatkar, S., & Undre, A. R. (2024). Performance based design of high rise reinforced concrete structures. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(2), 1487-1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00856-2
• Sahoo, D. R., & Rai, D. C. (2013). Design and evaluation of seismic strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete frames with soft ground story. Engineering Structures, 56, 1933-1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.018
• Computers and Structures, Inc. (1995). SAP2000: Integrated finite element analysis and design of structures: Tutorial manual. Computers and Structures, Inc.
• Severcan, M. H., & Sinani, B. (2019). Mevcut betonarme yapıların deprem performansının analizi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 936–947. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.598151
• Suk, R. (2025). Technological friction dampers system (TFDS) - Novel base isolation system (TBIS) and hybrid system for steel structures. Earthquakes and Structures, 28(4), 311-326. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2025.28.4.311
• Suk, R., & Altintaș, G. (2020). Behavior of multidirectional friction dampers. Journal of Vibration and Control, 26(21-22), 1969-1979. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546320909978
• Suk, R., Demir, A., Altintas, G., & Altiok, T. Y. (2024a). Proposal for a novel technological damper system (TDS) for the retrofit of reinforced concrete frame structures. Structures, 60, Article 105878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.105878
• Suk, R., Demir, A., Altiok, T. Y., & Altintas, G. (2024b). Advancing earthquake resistance: Hybrid retrofitting of RC frames with FRP and TDS. Structures, 66, Article 106851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106851
• Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (TBEC). (2018). Turkish building seismic code [Regulation No. 20180318M1-2-1 (in Turkish). Disaster and Emergency Management Authority.
• Nakano, T., Khampanit A., Leelatavıwat, S., & Njamsanjeim, C. (2013). A study on soft story RC frame strengthened with buckling restrained brace. コンクリート工学年次論文集 (Annual Proceedings of the Concrete Engineering), 35(2), 1429-1434.
• Toplu, E., & Kırtel, O. (2021). Sismik taban yalıtımlı yapılarda zaman tanım alanında analiz ve artımsal tek modlu itme yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 10(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.897951
• Ujwal, M. S., Kumar, G. S., Sathvik, S., & Ramaraju, H. K. (2024). Effect of soft story conditions on the seismic performance of tall concrete structures. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(4), 3141-3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00968-9
• Ünal, A. (2020). An analytical investigation of a building having soft storey irregularity strengthened with concentrically steel braces. Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.698661
• Vatansever, C., & Şimşek, Y. E. (2021). Design and nonlinear time history analysis of a multi-story building with concrete filled composite columns and steel beams. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 27(3), 264-273. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2020.91043
• Vuran, E., Serhatoğlu, C., Timurağaoğlu, M. Ö., Smyrou, E., Bal, İ. E., & Livaoğlu, R. (2025). Damage observations of RC buildings from 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence and discussion on the seismic code regulations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 23(3), 1153-1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01843-3
• Yang, W., Tian, M., Xu, W., & Ju, J. (2021). Seismic retrofitting of low-rise rc frame structures with wing walls. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(11), 4359-4373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0051-8