Development of Organizational Power Scale at Schools: A Reliability and Validity Study / Okullarda Örgütsel Güç Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 18 - 34, 28.01.2014

Yrd.doç.dr. Serpil Alptekin , Öğr.grv.meryem Vural Batık

Öz

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of “Special Education Course”, which was carried out 13 weeks and 4 hours in a week, in changing the attitudes of 1st grade students in the Department of Hearing Impaired Education toward persons with disability. Subjects of this study consists of 105 students, 49 of them from day class and 56 of them from evening class, from Ondokuz Mayıs University (Samsun,Turkey), Faculty of Education, Department of Hearing Impaired Education in fall term in 2011-2012.
Method: In this study “Attitude toward Disabled Persons Scale” (ATDP) developed by Yuker, Block, & Young (1970) was used. ATDP scale Form-O was translated into Turkish by Özyürek (1977). In this 6-point Likert-type scale there are 20 items. In the study, a non control group pre-test – post-test model, which is one of the semi-experimental designs, was used. In conformity with pre-test – post-test model without control group, firstly, “Attitude toward Disabled Persons Scale” (ATDP) was applied to the subjects. Then, “Special Education Course”, carried out for 13 weeks and 4 hours a week, was applied by the researcher. At the end of the experimental process, ATDP Scale was applied to subjects again. Independent variable of this study is the content of Special Education Course and the dependent variable is the attitudes of the subjects.
The content of the course, applied to subjects, was revised based on the content determined by Yüksek Öğrenim Kurumu (YÖK) by the researcher. In 2011–2012 fall terms, a 13 week course program was prepared. Each day and evening class students got courses for 13 weeks 4 hours a week. In the courses lecturing, expression and question–answer teqniques were used and their insufficiency about students were made to share their experiences with individuals and they were requested to read books and watch the movies regarding to the disabled. They were requested to correlate the themes in the books and in the movies with the themes in courses, to evaluate their accuracy, to pay attention to the lives of the heros with disability and their families, and to keep notes about the impression they got. Striking parts of the books were shared in the class and the theme was made clearer parts of they watched.
Results: To reveal the difference between subjects. “Special Education Course” has increased positive
attitudes of students towards the disabled. This finding was discussed considering related literature. Attitudes of the teachers who complete their education without developing positive attitudes towards the disabled will be difficult to change afterwards (Murphy, 1996). That is why, planning and implement the content of Special Education Course given at the Department of Special Education is important. The content of Special Education Course both in the Department of Special Education and in other departments of Faculties of Education should be revised. In future studies, effects of Special Education Courses on attitudes of candidates studying at different departments of teaching toward persons with disability can be researched. Moreover, this study can be fulfilled by comparing the attitudes of a control group consisting of students who did not get Special Education Course and the attitudes of
a experiment group. In later studies, the long term the effect of licence programs on students at Department of Special Education and the effect of a program including informing and interaction on the attitudes toward the disabled can be researched.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Attitude toward disabled persons, changing the attitudes, giving information, Special Education Course, teacher candidate.

Okullarda Örgütsel Güç Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması / Development of Organizational Power Scale at Schools: A Reliability and Validity Study

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı Özel Eğitim Bölümü öğrencilerinin yetersizlikten etkilenmiş bireylere yönelik tutumlarını değiştirmede “Özel Eğitim dersinin” (bilgilendirmenin) etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırmaya İşitme Engelliler Öğretmenliği 1.sınıfta öğrenim gören 105 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada, yarı deneysel desenlerden kontrol grupsuz ön test–son test modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmada öğrencilerin yetersizlikten etkilenmiş kişilere yönelik tutumlarını belirlemek amacıyla Yuker, Block, &Young (1970) tarafından geliştirilen “Attitudes Towards Disabled Person Skalası”nın (ATDP) “O” Formunun, Özyürek (1977) tarafından Türkçeye çevrilmiş hali olan “Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş Kişilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” (YEKYTÖ) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubuna araştırmacı tarafından 13 hafta boyunca haftada 4 saat “Özel Eğitim dersi” uygulanmıştır. Deneklerin “Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş Kişilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği”nden aldıkları ön test ve son test puanları arasındaki farkı test etmek için yapılan bağımlı gruplarda t testi sonucunda anlamlı düzeyde fark bulunmuştur (t(104)=-1.988, p<.05). Ayrıca Cohen’s d etki büyüklüğü analizinde bu etkinin küçük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre “Özel Eğitim dersinin” (bilgilendirme), İşitme Engelliler Öğretmenliği 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin yetersizlikten etkilenmiş bireylere yönelik tutumlarını olumlu yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Engelli kişilere yönelik tutumlar, tutumların değiştirilmesi, bilgilendirme, Özel Eğitim dersi, öğretmen adayı

Kaynakça

• Adler, P., Cregg, M., Duignan, A., Ilett, G. & Woodhouse, M. (2005). Effect of training on attitudes and expertise of optometrists towards people with intellectual disabilities. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 25, 105–118. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2004.00253.x.
• Anderson, L.W. (1981). Assessing affective characteristics in the schools. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Anderson, L.W. (1988). Attitudes and their measurement. John P. Keeves (Ed.), Educational Research, Methodology And Measurment.An International Handbook içinde (s. 421-426). New York: Pergamon Press.
• Akbuğa, B. ve Gürsel, F. (2007). Bilgilendirme yoluyla Beden Eğitimi Spor Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin engelli bireye yönelik değişen tutumları. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 5-8.
• Akçamete, G. (2009). Özel gereksinimli çocuklar. Gönül Akçamete (Ed.), Genel Eğitim Okullarında Özel Gereksinimi Olan Öğrenciler ve Özel Eğitim içinde (s. 31-76). Ankara: Kök Yay.
• Akçamete, G. ve Kargın, T. (1994). Hizmet içi eğitim programının öğretmnelerin işitme engelli çocuklara yönelik tutumlarına etkisi. Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 1, 13-19.
• Aksoy, V. (2012). Tutumlara Etki Eden Faktörler. İbrahim H. Diken (Ed.), Engellilere Yönelik Tutumlar içinde (s. 22-48). Ankara: Vize Yay.
• Anthony, W. (1972). Societal rehabilitation: Changing society's attitudes toward the physically and mentally disabled. Rehabilitation Psychology, 19, 117–126. doi:10.1037/h0090877
• Au, K. W. & Man, D. W. (2006). Attitudes toward people with disabilities: A comparison between health care professionals and students. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 29(2), 155–160. doi:10.1097/01.mrr.0000210048.09668.ab
• Barr, J. B. & Bracchitta, K. (2008). Effects of contact with ındividuals with disabilities: Positive attitudes and majoring in education. The Journal of Psychology, 142 (3), 225–243.
• Bender, W. N., Vail, C. O., & Scott, K. (1995). Teacher’s attitude increased mainstreaming: Implementing effective instruction for students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 87-94. doi:10.1177/002221949502800203
• Berry, J. O., & Meyer, J. A. (1995). Employing people with disabilities: Impact of attitude and situation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 40, 211–223. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.40.3.211
• Brooks, B.L. & Bransford, L.A. (1971). Modification of teachers’ attitudes toward exceptional children. Exceptional Children, 38, 259-260.
• Buell, M. J., Hallam, R., Gamel-McCormick, M. & Scheer, S. (1999). A survey of general and special education teacher’s perceptions an in-service needs concerning inclusion. International Journal of Disability Development and Education, 46(2), 143-156. doi:10.1080/103491299100597
• Chen, R. K., Brodwin, M. G., Cardoso, E. & Chan, F. (2002). Attitudes toward people with disabilities in the social context of dating and marriage: A comparison of American, Taiwanese and Singaporean college students. Journal of Rehabilitation, 68, 5–11. URL:http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=7706126
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
• Conte, R. (1994). A mediational training program for parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Canadian Journal of Special Education, 9, 33–68.
• Favazza, P. C. & Odom, S. L. (1997). Promoting positive attitudes of kindergarten-age children toward people with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 63, 405–418. URL:http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/ Exceptional-Children/19200725.html
• Flower, A., Burns, M. K. & Bottsford-Miller, N. A. (2007). Meta-analysis of disability simulation research. Remedial and Special Education, 28, 72–79. doi:10.1177/07419325070280020601
• Freedman, J.L., Sears, D.O. & Carlsmith, J.M. (2003). Sosyal Psikoloji. (A.Dönmez, Çev.). Ankara: Ara yay.
• Glass, R.M. & Meckler, R.S. (1972). Preparing elementary teachers to instruct mildly handicapped children in regular classrooms: A summer workshop. Exceptional Children, 39, 132-136.
• Golin, A. K. (1970). Stimulus variables in the measurement of attitudes toward disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 14, 20–26.
• Gözün, Ö., & Yıkmış, A. (2003). Öğretmen adaylarının kaynaştırma konusunda bilgilendirilmelerinin kaynaştırmaya yönelik tutumlarının değişimindeki etkililiği. 13. Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi Bildirileri. Ankara: Kök Yayıncılık, 120-136.
• Gürsel, F. (2006). Engelliler için Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Dersi’nin öğrencilerin engellilere yönelik tutumlarına etkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 31, 67-73.
• Haney, M., & Rabin, B. (1984). Modifying attitudes toward disabled persons while resocializing spinal cord injured patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65, 431–436. URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6466072
• Harvey, D., & Green, C. (1984). Attitudes of New Zealand teachers, teachers in training and non- teachers toward mainstreaming. Journal of Educational Studies, 19, 34–44. doi:10.1080/0156655850320304
• Helton, G.B. & Helton, T.D. (1977). Oakland teachers attitudinal responses to differing characteristics of elementary school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 251-265.
• Hodge, S. R., & Jansma, P. (1999). Effects of contact time and location of practicum experiences on attitudes of physical education majors. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 16, 48–63.
• Hunt, B., & Hunt, C. (2000). Attitudes toward people with disabilities: A comparison of undergraduate rehabilitation and business majors. Rehabilitation Education, 14, 269–283. URL:http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2001-14571-004
• Hunt, C. S. & Hunt, B. (2004). Changing attitudes toward people with disabilities: Experimenting with an educational intervention. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16, 266–280. URL:http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40604458
• Ison, N., McIntyre, S., Rothery, S., Smithers-Sheedy, H., Goldsmith, S., Parsonage, S., et.al. (2010). ‘Just like you’: A disability awareness programme for children that enhanced knowledge, attitudes and acceptance: Pilot study findings. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 13(5), 360–368. doi:10.3109/17518423.2010.496764
• İnceoğlu, M. (2010). Tutum, algı, iletişim. İstanbul: Beykent Üniversitesi Yay.
• Jameison, J.D. (1986). Attitudes of educators toward handicapped. R.L. Jones (Ed.), Attitudes and attitude change in special education: Theory and Practice içinde (s. 206-222). Virginia: CEC.
• Jones, K.H.; Black, R.S. (1996). ‘Writing case studies: A holistic approach for teaching preservice educators about students with disabilities.’ Paper presented at the American Vocational Association Convention.
• Kargın, T. (1997). Farklı eğitim özgeçmişlerine sahip öğretmnelerin işitme engeline ilişkin bilgi düzeyleri ile işitme engelli çocuklar ve anne-babalarına yönelik tutumların karşılaştırılması. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniveristesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Köklü, N. (1995). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve likert tipi ölçeklerde kullanılan seçenekler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 81-93. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000000299
• Krahè, B. & Altwasser, C. (2006). Changing negative attitudes towards persons with physical disabilities: An experimental intervention. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16, 59–69. doi:10.1002/casp.849
• Krajewski, J. & Flaherty, T. (2000). Attitudes of high school students toward individuals with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 38, 154–162. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038
• Lee, T., & Rodda, M. (1994). Modification of attitudes toward people with disabilities. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 7(4), 229–238. URL:http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1995-13508-001
• Loboska, A.F. & Newman, D.L. (1992). Teaching special needs populations and teacher job satisfaction: Implications for teacher education and staff development. Urban Education, 27, 21- 31.
• Melekoğlu, M. (2011). Farklı branşlardan öğretmen adayları için özel eğitim derslerinin etkililiğini geliştirmek amaçlaı bir uygulama: Özel gereksinimli öğrencilerle etkileşim projesi. 21.Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi, 20-22 Ekim, Gazimağusa, KKTC.
• Moroz, A., Gonzales-Ramos, G., Festinger, T., Langer, K., Zefferino, S. & Kalet, A. (2010). Immediate and follow-up effects of a brief disability curriculum on disability knowledge and attitudes of PM&R residents: A comparison group trial. Medical Teacher, 32, 360–364. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2010.490602
• Murphy, D. M. (1996). Implications of inclusion for general and special education. Elementary School Journal, 96, 469–493. URL: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1001845
• Murray, M. & Chambers, M. (1991). Effect of contact on nursing students attitudes to patients. Nurse Education Today, 11, 363–367. doi:10.1016/0260-6917(91)90036-A
• Oermann, M. H. & Lindgren, C. L. (1995). An educational program’s effects on students attitudes toward people with disabilities: A 1-year follow-up. Rehabilitation Nursing, 20, 6–10. doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.1995.tb01585.x
• Olcay-Gül, S. (2012). Engellilere Yönelik Tutumlar. İbrahim H. Diken (Ed.), Engellilere Yönelik Tutumlar içinde (s. 49-84). Ankara: Vize Yay.
• Orel, A., Zerey, Z. ve Töret, G. (2004). Sınıf Öğretmeni Adaylarının Kaynaştırmaya Yönelik Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 5 (1) 23-33.
• Ostapczuk, M. & Musch, J. (2011). Estimating the prevalence of negative attitudes towards people with disability: A comparison of direct questioning, projective questioning and randomised response. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(5), 399–411. doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.492067
• Özyürek, M. (1977). Effects of live, audio and print presentations of a discussion about physical disabilities on attitude modification toward disabled persons in Turkey. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Northern Colorado.
• Özyürek, M. (2010). Tutumlar ve Yetersizlikten Etkilenmişlere Yönelik Tutumların Değiştirilmesi (8.Baskı). Ankara: Karatepe Yayınları.
• Parkinson, G. (2006). Counsellors’ attitudes towards disability equality training. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34,1. doi:10.1080/03069880500483182
• Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
• Phillips, W.L., Allred, K., Brulle, A.R. & Shank, K.S. (1990). The regular education initiative: The will and skill of regular educators. Teacher Education and Special Education, 13, 182-186.
• Richardson, S. A., Hastorf, A. H., Goodman, N., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1961). Cultural uniformity in reaction to physical disabilities. American Sociological Review, 26, 241–247. URL:http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2089861
• Rillotta, F. & Nettelbeck, T. (2007). Effects of an awareness program on attitudes of students without an intellectual disability towards persons with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32, 19–27. doi:10.1080/13668250701194042
• Ringlaben, R.P., & Price, J.R. (1981). Regular classroom teachers’ perceptions of mainstreaming effects. Exceptional Children, 47, 302–304.
• Roeher, G. A. (1961). Significance of public attitudes in the rehabilitation of people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Literature, 22, 66–72.
• Roush, S.E. (1986). Health professionals as contributors to attitudes towards persons with disabilities. A special communication. Physical Therapy, 66, 1551–1554. doi:10.1551-1554
• Sargın, N. (2002). Anasınıfında bulunan zihinsel engelli çocuklara yönelik öğretmen tutumlarına ilişkin bir çalışma. XI. Özel Eğitim Kongresi, Konya.
• Sarı, H. ve Bozgeyikli, H. (2002). Öğretmen adaylarinin özel eğitime yönelik tutumlarinin incelenmesi: karşilaştirmali bir araştirma. XII. Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi, 11-12 Kasım, Ankara.
• Sarıçam, H. ve Kanpolat, Y.E. (2012). Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının kaynaştırmaya ilişkin görüşlerine kaynaştırma ve destek eğitimi hizmetleri etkisi. 22. Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi, 11- 12 Ekim, Trabzon.
• Scruggs, T.E., & Mastropieri, M.A. (1996). Teacher perceptions of mainstreaming/inclusion, 1958– 1995: A research synthesis. Exceptional Children, 63, 59–75. URL:http://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Exceptional-Children/18761568.html
• Seccombe, J.A. (2007). Attitudes towards disability in an undergraduate nursing curriculum: The effects of a curriculum change. Nurse Education Today, 27(5), 445–451. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2006.08.005
• Shapiro, A. (1999). Everyone belongs: changing negative attidudes toward classmates with disability. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
• Smith, M.B. (1968). Attitude Change. Crowell Collier & Mac Millan (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences içinde (s. 458-467).
• Slevin, E. (1995). Student nurses attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. British Journal of Nursing, 4, 761–766. URL:http://www.internurse.com/cgi- bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=6912
• Slevin, E. & Sines, D. (1996). Attitudes of nurses in a general hospital towards people with learning disabilities: Influences of contact, and graduate-non-graduate status, a comparative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24, 1116–1126. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1996.tb01016.x
• Stachura, K. & Garven, F. (2003). Comparison of occupational therapy and physiotherapy students’ attitudes towards people with disabilities. Physiotherapy, 89, 653–63. doi:10.1016/S0031- 9406(05)60098-3
• Stachura, K. & Garven, F. (2007). A national survey of occupational therapy students’ and physiotherapy students’ attitudes to disabled people. Clinical Rehabilitation, 21(5), 442–449. doi:10.1177/0269215507073495
• Şahin, H. ve Akyol, A. D. (2010). Evaluation of nursing and medical students’ attitudes towards people with disabilities. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 2271–2279. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2702.2009.03088.x
• Tait, K., & Purdie, N. (2000). Attitudes toward disability: Teacher education for inclusive environments in an Australian university. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47, 25–38. doi:10.1080/103491200116110
• Tavil, Y. Z. ve Özyürek, M. (2009). Gerçekçi bilgilendirme ve etkileşimde bulunmanın özel eğitim öğretmen adaylarının engelli kişilere yönelik tutumlarının değişmesine etkisi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 13(39), 265-276.
• Tervo, R. C., Azuma, S., Palmer, G. & Redinius, P. (2002). Medical students attitudes toward persons with disability: A comparative study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83, 1537– 1542. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.34620
• Tervo, R. C., Palmer, G. & Redinius, P. (2004). Health professional student attitudes towards people with disability. Clinical Rehabilitation, 18, 908–915. doi:10.1191/0269215504cr820oa
• Thompson, T. L., Emrich, K. & Moore, G. (2003). The effect of curriculum on the attitudes of nursing students toward disability. Rehabilitation Nursing, 28(1), 27–30. doi:10.1002/j.2048- 7940.2003.tb01718.x
• Tröster, H. (1990). Einstellungen und Verhalten gegenu¨ber Behinderten. (Attitudes and behavior towards the disabled). Bern: Huber.
• Wolraich, M. L. and Siperstein, G. N. (1986) Physicians and other professionals expectations and prognoses for mentally retarded individuals. American Journal Of Mental Deficiency . 91, 244– 249.
• Yıkmış, A., Şahbaz, Ü., ve Peker, S. (1998). Özel eğitim danışmanlığı ve kaynaştırma dersinin öğretmen adaylarının kaynaştırmaya yönelik tutumlarına etkisi, 8. Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi, Edirne.
• Yuker, H. E., Block, J. R. & Young, J. H. (1970). The measurement of attitudes towards disabled persons. New York: Institute at Human Resources Center.