The Effect of Perceived Pay Equity on Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Organizational Cynicism

Öz

The influence of pay equity perception has been ignored largely in the human resource literature so far. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by investigating the effect of perceived pay equity on counterproductive work behaviors and whether organizational cynicism had mediating role on this effect. Data were gathered via e-mail survey from 252 white-collar employees working at various private companies in Istanbul. In data analysis, besides the frequency distributions of demographic variables, correlation and regression analyzes were also used. The results of the study demonstrated that organizational cynicism did not play a mediating role, since pay equity did not affect counterproductive work behaviors. However, it has been observed that perceived pay equity affected organizational cynicism negatively and organizational cynicism also affected counterproductive work behaviors positively. In addition to these, it was determined that pay equity, CWBs and organizational cynicism showed a significant difference according to some demographic characteristics. Various theoretical and practical implications were presented in the discussion and conclusions section of the research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Perceptions of pay equity
• Cynicism
• Organizational cynicism
• Counterproductive work behaviors
• Deviant behaviors

Kaynakça

1. Acar, A. C. (2007). İşletmelerde Ücret Yapısının Oluşturulması ve Bir Uygulama. İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
2. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in Social Exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267-299.
3. Akar, H., & Çelik, O. T. (2019). Organizational Justice and Cynicism: A Mixed Method Study at Schools. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(1), 189-200.
4. Aksin, S. (2020). Pozitif Örgütsel Davranışın Örgütsel Sinizmle İlişkisi: Karabük Üniversitesi Örneği, Karabük Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Karabük, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
5. Al-Zawahreh, A., & Al-Madi, F. (2012). The Utility of Equity Theory in Enhancing Organizational Effectiveness. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 46(3), 159-169.
6. Baakile, M. (2011). Comparative Analysis of Teachers’ Perception of Equity, Pay Satisfaction, Affective Commitment and Intention to Turnover in Botswana. Journal of Management Research, 3(1), 1-21.
7. Baloch, Q. B., Latif, F., & Azam, N. (2016). Relationship between Psychological Capital and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 127-143.
8. Banks, J., Patel, C. J., & Moola, M. A. (2012). Perceptions of Inequity in the Workplace: Exploring the Link with Unauthorised Absenteeism. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(1), 1-8.

9. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
10. Bauer, J. A. (2011). The Role of Discrete Emotions in Predicting Counterproductive Work Behavior. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Retrieved from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3002
11. Bayraktar, D. (2016). İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin Duygusal Taciz Yaşama Düzeyi ile Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
12. Behrem, Ü. (2017). Beş Faktör Kişilik Özelliklerinin Örgütsel Adalet Algısı Aracılığıyla Üretkenlik Karşıtı Davranışlar Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
13. Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, Cynicism, and Commitment: A Study of Important Organizational Change Variables. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(3), 303-326.
14. Bibi, Z., Karim, J., & ud Din, S. (2013). Workplace Incivility and Counterproductive Work Behavior: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(2), 317-334.
15. Bingöl, D. (2016). İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi. İstanbul: Beta Basım.
16. Brandes, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Dean, J. W. (1999). Does Organizational Cynicism Matter? Employee and Supervisor Perspectives on Work Outcomes. Paper Presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Academy of Management, Philadelphia, 1-33.
17. Bukhari, Z. U., & Ali, U. (2009). Relationship between Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior in the Geographical Context of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(1), 85-92.
18. Burnes, B., & Pope, R. (2007). Negative Behaviours in the Workplace. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 20(4), 285-303.
19. Butt, S., & Yazdani, N. (2021). Influence of Workplace Incivility on Counterproductive Work Behavior: Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion, Organizational Cynicism and the Moderating Role of Psychological Capital. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 15(2), 378-404.
20. Buttner, E. H., & Lowe, K. B. (2017). The Relationship between Perceived Pay Equity, Productivity, and Organizational Commitment for US Professionals of Color. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 36(1), 73-89.
21. Caruth, D. L., & Handlogten, G. D. (2001). Managing Compensation (and Understanding It Too): A Handbook for the Perplexed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
22. Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I. S., Banks, G. C., & Lomeli, L. C. (2013). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Organizational Cynicism: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 181-197.
23. Chand, P., & Chand, P. K. (2014). Job Stressors as predictor of Counterproductive Work Behaviour in Indian Banking Sector. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, 3(12), 43-55.
24. Colquitt, J. A., & Rodell, J. B. (2011). Justice, Trust, and Trustworthiness: A Longitudinal Analysis Integrating Three Theoretical Perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1183-1206.
25. Çankaya, M. (2018). Hastane Çalışanlarının Örgütsel Sinizm Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 287-306.
26. Çillik, A. (2019). Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Düzeyleri ile Örgütsel Sinizm Algıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
27. Danaeefard, H., & Boustani, H. (2016). Injustice Perceptions and Employees Misbehavior in a Public Organization: Exploration the Mediating Role of Employee's Cynicism to Organization. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, 1(1), 9-18.
28. Dar, N., Khan, S., & Rauf, A. (2020). Deviant Behavior and Organizational Justice: Mediator Test for Organizational Cynicism-The Case of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(4), 333-347.
29. Dean Jr, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational Cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341-352.
30. Demir, R., & Uyargil, C. B. (2014). Çalışanların Ücretlerine Yönelik Eşitlik Algıları ile İşten Ayrılma Niyetleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi ve Konuyla İlgili Bir Araştırma. 2. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Kayseri, 275-283.
31. Dimotakis, N., Ilies, R., & Mount, K. M. (2008). Intentional Negative Behaviors at Work. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 27, 247-277.
32. Dobbs, J. M., & Do, J. J. (2019). The Impact of Perceived Toxic Leadership on Cynicism in Officer Candidates. Armed Forces & Society, 45(1), 3-26.
33. Dora, M. T. H., & Azim, A. M. M. (2019). Organizational Justice and Workplace Deviance Behavior: Psychological Capital as Mediator. American International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(2), 35-45.
34. ElDin, Y. K. Z., & Abd El Rahman, R. M. (2013). The Relationship between Nurses’ Perceived Pay Equity and Organizational Commitment. Life Science Journal, 10(2), 889-896.
35. Erer, B., & Şahin, M. (2021). Çalışanların Örgütsel Sinizm Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi: Konya İli Örneği. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2944–2959.
36. Evans, W. R., Goodman, J. M., & Davis, W. D. (2011). The Impact of Perceived Corporate Citizenship on Organizational Cynicism, OCB, and Employee Deviance. Human Performance, 24(1), 79-97.
37. Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in Response to Job Stressors and Organizational Justice: Some Mediator and Moderator Tests for Autonomy and Emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
38. Gerhart, B. A., Minkoff H. B., & Olsen R. N. (1995). Employee Compensation: Theory, Practice, and Evidence. CAHRS Working Paper Series, Paper 194.
39. Giacalone, R. A., & Rosenfeld, P. (1987). Reasons for Employee Sabotage in the Workplace. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1(4), 367-378.
40. Girgin, S., & Gümüşeli, A. İ. (2018). A study on the Correlation between Organizational Justice and Organizational Cynicism Perceived by Vocational High School Teachers. European Journal of Education Studies, 4(4), 445-457.
41. Gözcü, Ö. F. (2020). Örgütsel Çeviklik ile Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki: Üniversite Personeli Üzerine Bir Analiz, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
42. Grama, B., & Todericiu, R. (2016). Change, Resistance to Change and Organizational Cynicism. Studies in Business and Economics, 11(3), 47-54.
43. Gruys, M. L. (1999). The Dimensionality of Deviant Employee Behavior in the Workplace, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis.
44. Gupta, N., & Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee Compensation: The Neglected Area of HRM Research. Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 1-4.
45. Güneş, B. (2022). Ücret Adaletinin Sağlanması Bağlamında Ücret Politika ve Stratejilerinin Rolü ve Önemi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
46. Hany, S. H., Hassan, R. M., & Badran, F. M. (2020). Relation between Organizational Justice and Workplace Deviance Behavior among Staff Nurses. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 11(1), 248-259.
47. Hartmann, F., & Slapničar, S. (2012). Pay Fairness and Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Pay Transparency. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(20), 4283-4300.
48. İpek, Z. H. (2018). Lise Öğretmenlerinin Duygusal Zekâ ve Örgütsel Sinizm Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kırşehir, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
49. Jawahar, I. M., & Stone, T. H. (2011). Fairness Perceptions and Satisfaction with Components of Pay Satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(4), 297-312.
50. Joy, M. M., & V G, B. (2016). The Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on Counterproductive Work Behaviors- An Empirical Study in Indian Information Technology Sector. International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management, 5(4), 58-63.
51. Kalağan, G. (2009). Araştırma Görevlilerinin Örgütsel Destek Algıları ile Örgütsel Sinizm Tutumları Arasındaki İlişki, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Antalya, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
52. Kanbur, E., & Canbek, M. (2018). Algılanan Örgütsel Adaletin Örgütsel Sinizm Üzerine Etkisi: Algılanan Örgütsel Desteğin Aracılık Rolü. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(3), 36-57.
53. Kao, A., Jager, A. J., Koenig, B., Moller, A., Tutty, M., Williams, G., & Wright, S. (2017). Physician Perception of Pay Fairness and its Association with Work Satisfaction, Intent to Leave Practice, and Personal Health. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(10), 812-817.
54. Karadede, S. E. (2021). İş Yaşam Dengesi, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Sinizm Kavramları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
55. Keashly, L., (1998). Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85-117.
56. Kickul, J.R. (2001). When Organizations Break Their Promises: Employee Reactions to Unfair Processes and Treatment. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(4), 289-307.
57. Kristina, M., & Mangundjaya, W.L. (2017). Organizational Justice as a Predictor of Employee Cynicism about Organizational Change. Faculty of Psychologh, Universitas Indonesia. http://proceedings.ui.ac.id/index.php/uipssh/article/view/91/135 (25.12.2020).
58. Kurnaz, K. & Kökalan, Ö. (2020). Örgütsel Sinizm Algısının Üretkenlik Karşıtı İş Davranışları ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ile İlişkisi: Bir Kamu Örneği. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 15(1), 41-58.
59. Küçükkaya, C. (2019). Mobbingin Örgütsel Sinizme Etkisi: Mersin İli Tekstil Sektörü Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mersin, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
60. Le Roy, J., Bastounis, M., & Poussard, J. M. (2012). Interactional Justice and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotions. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(8), 1341-1355.
61. Li, S., & Chen, Y. (2018). The Relationship between Psychological Contract Breach and Employees’ Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Effect of Organizational Cynicism and Work Alienation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-13.
62. Livingstone, L. P., Roberts, J. A., & Chonko, L. B. (1995). Perceptions of Internal and External Equity as Predictors of Outside Salespeoples' Job Satisfaction. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 15(2), 33-46.
63. Marcus, B., & Schuler, H. (2004). Antecedents of Counterproductive Behavior at Work: A General Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 647-660.
64. Mathis, R. L., & Jackson J. (2008). Human Resource Management: Essential Perspectives. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
65. Meisler, G., Drory, A., & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2019). Perceived Organizational Politics and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Personnel Review, 49(8), 1505-1517.
66. Miles, E. W., Hatfield, J. D., & Huseman, R. C. (1994). Equity Sensitivity and Outcome Importance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(7), 585-596.
67. Miner, J. B. (2005). Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
68. Mirvis, P. H., & Kanter, D. L. (1989). Combatting Cynicism in the Workplace. National Productivity Review, 8(4), 377-394.
69. Mousa, M. (2017). Diversity Challenges and Organizational Cynicism: A Study on Egyptian Physicians. Journal of Intercultural Management, 9(1), 41-74.
70. Naseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., Baig, M. U. A. (2021). When and Why Organizational Cynicism Leads to CWBs. Personnel Review, 50(1), 90-107.
71. Naus, F., van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational Cynicism: Extending the Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect Model of Employees' Responses to Adverse Conditions in the Workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718.
72. Nemr, M. A. A. & Liu, Y. (2021). Organizational Cynicism as A Moderator Variable between Ethical Leadership and Counterwork Productive Behaviors. Corporate Board: Role Duties and Composition, 17(1), 30-38.
73. Nitelik Ödemiş, S. (2011). Beş Faktör Kişilik Özelliklerinin Üretkenlik Karşıtı Davranışlar Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Araştırma, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
74. Oluwole, O. J., Aderibigbe, J. K., & Mjoli, T. Q. (2020). The Attenuating Effects of Organisational Justice on Job Insecurity and Counterproductive Work Behaviours Relationship. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 15(1), 201-223.
75. Osibanjo, O. A., et al. (2014). Compensation Packages: A Strategic Tool for Employees' Performance and Retention. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, (25), 65-84.
76. Othman, A. E. A., & Suleiman, W. (2013). An Analysis of Causes of Poor Attitude to Work. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 97(9), 194-300.
77. Otori, Y., Mutiu, B., & Calvin, O. Y. (2020). Organizational Cynicism as a Mediator in the Relationship between Workplace Ostracism and Employee Deviant Behaviour: A Proposed Framework. International Journal of Intellectual Discourse, 3(2), 1-9.
78. Öz, E. (2020). Örgüt Yapısının, Çalışanların Örgütsel Sinizm Algılarına ve Örgütsel Yabancılaşma Düzeylerine Etkisi: Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
79. Öztürk, M. (2021). Örgütsel Bağlılığın Sanal Kaytarma Davranışı Üzerine Etkisinde Örgütsel Sinizmin Aracılık Rolü: Seyahat İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta, Yayomlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
80. Öztürk, M., Eryeşil, K., & Bedük, A. (2016). The Effect of Organizational Justice on Organizational Cynicism and Turnover Intention: A Research on the Banking Sector. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(12), 543-551.
81. Özüren, Ü. (2017). Tekstil İşletmelerinde Nepotizm Uygulamalarına Bağlı Olarak Üretkenlik Karşıtı Davranışlar ve Sonuçları, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
82. Pan, X., et al. (2018). The Effects of Organizational Justice on Positive Organizational Behavior: Evidence from a Large-Sample Survey and a Situational Experiment. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(2315), 1-16.
83. Parisa, A., Jalil, D., & Mansour K. (2016). Counterproductive Behaviors in State Hospitals: A Review of the Role of Organizational Cynicism and Injustice. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 196-207.
84. Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job Stress, Incivility, and Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB): The Moderating Role of Negative Affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(7), 777-796.
85. Peterson, D. K. (2002). Deviant Workplace Behavior and the Organization's Ethical Climate. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(1), 47-61.
86. Pfrombeck, J., Doden, W., Grote, G., & Feierabend, A. (2020). A Study of Organizational Cynicism and How It is Affected by Social Exchange Relationships at Work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(3), 578-604.
87. Pickens, J. (2005). Attitudes and Perceptions. In: Borkowski, N., (Ed.), Organizational Behavior in Health Care (pp. 43-76). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
88. Ramshida, A. P., & Manikandan, K. (2013). Organizational Commitment as a Mediator of Counterproductive Work Behavior and Organizational Culture. International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research, 2(2), 59-69.
89. Robbins, S., & Judge, T., (2013). Organizational Behavior. Essex: Pearson Education.
90. Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
91. Romanoff, K., Boehm, K., & Benson, E. (1986). Pay Equity: Internal and External Considerations. Compensation & Benefits Review, 18(6), 17-25.
92. Sackett, P. R. (2002). The Structure of Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Dimensionality and Relationships with Facets of Job Performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1-2), 5-11.
93. Sevda, P. (2021). Okullarda Örgütsel Dedikodu ile Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki, Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siirt, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
94. Shaharruddin, S., Ahmad, F., & Musa, M. M. (2016). Cynicism in Organizations: Does Organizational Justice Matter?. International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 3(2), 49-60.
95. Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 434-443.
96. Spector, P. E. et al. (2006). The Dimensionality of Counterproductivity: Are All Counterproductive Behaviors Created Equal?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 446-460.
97. Sweeney, P. D. (1990). Distributive Justice and Pay Satisfaction: A Field Test of an Equity Theory Prediction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 4(3), 329-341.
98. Şahin Çelebi, F. (2019). Çalışma Ortamındaki Mobbinge Yönelik Algıların Örgütsel Sinizm Üzerindeki Etkisi: Finans Sektöründe Çalışanlara Yönelik Bir Uygulama, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
99. Terpstra, D. E., & Honoree, A. L. (2003). The Relative Importance of External, Internal, Individual and Procedural Equity to Pay Satisfaction: Procedural Equity may be More Important to Employees than Organizations Believe. Compensation & Benefits Review, 35(6), 67-74.
100. Tong, J., et al. (2020). The Interplay of Low Identification, Psychological Detachment, and Cynicism for Predicting Counterproductive Work Behaviour. Applied Psychology, 69(1), 59-92.
101. Torun, Y., & Çetin, C. (2015). Örgütsel Sinizmin Kuşaklar Bazında Değerlendirilmesi: Kuşaklara Göre Örgütsel Sinizmin Hedefinde Ne Var?. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 2(2), 137-146.
102. Tucker, J. (1989). Employee Theft as Social Control. Deviant Behavior, 10(4), 319-334.
103. Ugwu, F., & Asogwa F. (2018). Walking the Tightrope: Perceived Workload, Positive Affectivity and Counterproductive Work Behaviours in the Nigerian Context. Psychology and Behavoral Science International Journal, 8(3), 1-9.
104. Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I.A., & Zait, A. (2015). How Reliable are Measurement Scales? External Factors with Indirect Influence on Reliability Estimators. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 679-686.
105. Ülbeği, İ. D. & İplik, E. (2018). Adaletsizlik Algısı, Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali, Sinizm ve Çalışan Sessizliği Arasındaki İlişkiler Üzerine Görgül Bir Araştırma. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(ICEESS’ 18), 229-239.
106. Vardi, Y. (2001). The Effects of Organizational and Ethical Climates on Misconduct at Work. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(4), 325-337.
107. Vardi, Y., & Weitz, E. (2003). Misbehavior in Organizations: Theory, Research, and Management. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
108. Vardi, Y., & Wiener, Y. (1996). Misbehavior in Organizations: A Motivational Framework. Organization Science, 7(2), 151-165.
109. Weitz, E., Vardi, Y., & Setter, O. (2012). Spirituality and Organizational Misbehavior. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 9(3), 255-281.
110. Weldali, L. M., & Lubis, Z. (2016). Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behavior: Moderator Effect of Perceived Organizational Support. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2.
111. Wilkerson, J. M., Evans, W. R., & Davis, W. D. (2008). A Test of Coworkers' Influence on Organizational Cynicism, Badmouthing, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(9), 2273-2292.
112. Yanar, E. (2022). Örgütsel Dedikodu ve Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Uygulama, Bayburt Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Bayburt, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
113. Yıldız, S., & Şaylıkay, M. (2014). The Effect of Organisational Cynicism on Alienation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 622-627.
114. Zaza, Ü. (2021). Mobbing ve Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki: Şanlıurfa İli Banka Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Harran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Şanlıurfa, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
115. Zheng, S., Wang, Z., & Song, S. (2014). Pay Satisfaction of Employees: A Case Study of a State-Owned Science Institute in China. Social Indicators Research, 119(3), 1219-1231.