Evaluation of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Afghanistan

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 91 - 100, 29.12.2022

Rowida Khalily

Öz

This review article focuses on evaluation of climate change on Agricultural production in Afghanistan. Because a large portion of the population in Afghanistan relies on farming as a source of income, sustainable agricultural techniques are essential. In addition, one of the south Asian nations affected by climate change is Afghanistan. Crop yields are also very low due to negative effects of climate change. The yields of crops like wheat, rice, and corn have recently continued to decline because of the recent drought related to agriculture; livestock, connected dynamics of desertification, land degradation, water, economic sectors, urban, and energy are the most likely negative effects of climate change in Afghanistan. Climate models predict that Afghanistan will be subject to a variety of new and increasing climatic dangers. Climate change has already begun and will not stop, that it is expected to affect different biological processes differently.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Agricultural Production, Climate Change, Global Warming, Afghanistan

Kaynakça

• Adams R. M., Hurd B.H., Lenhart S. & Leary N. 1998. Effects of global climate change on agriculture: an interpretative review. Climate Res. 11, 19-30.
• Adams R.M., Rosenzweig C., Ritchie J., Peart R., Glyer J., McCarl B.A., Curry B. & Jones J., 1990. Global climate change and agriculture: an economic perspective. Nature 345,219- 224.
• Ahmed K., Shahid S. & Nawaz N. 2018. Impacts of climate variability and change on seasonal drought characteristics of Pakistan. Atmos. Res. 214: 364–374.
• Aich V. & Khoshbeen A. J. 2016. Afghanistan: Climate Change Science Perspectives. National Environmental Protection Agency and UN Environment, Kabul.
• Aich V., Akhundzadah N. A., Knuerr A., Khoshbeen A. J., Hattermann F., Paeth H. & Paton E. N. 2017. Climate change in Afghanistan deduced from reanalysis and coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)—South Asia simulations. Climate, 5(2), 38.
• Albut S., Bağdatlı M. C. & Dumanlı Ö., 2018. Remote Sensing Determination of Variation in Adjacent Agricultural Fields in the Ergene River, Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(1): 113-122.
• Azimi A. & McCauley D. 2002.Afghanistan natural resources comprehensive need assessment final report. Published by Asian Development Bank. No.010103. Afghan Digital Libraries, p. 9.
• Bağdatlı M.C. Belliturk K. & Jabbari A. 2015. Possible Effects on Soil and Water Resources Observed in Nevşehir Province in Long Annual Temperature and Rain Changing, Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 3(2), 19-27.
• Bağdatlı M. C. & Can E. 2020. Temperature Changes of Niğde Province in Turkey: Trend analysis of 50 years data, International Journal of Ecology and Development Research (IJEDR), 6(2), 62-71.
• Bağdatlı M. C. & Arslan O. 2020. Trend Analysis of Precipitation Datas Observed for Many Years (1970-2019) in Niğde Center and Ulukisla District of Turkey, International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology (IJRDET), 9(7), 1-8.
• Bağdatlı M. C. & Arıkan E. N. 2020. Evaluation of Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperature Changes Observed for Many Years in Nevsehir Province of Turkey, World Research Journal of Agricultural Science (WRJAS), 7(2):209-220.
• Bağdatlı M.C. & Can E. 2019. Analysis of Precipitation Datas by Mann Kendall and Sperman's Rho Rank Correlation Statistical Approaches in Nevsehir Province of Turkey, Recent Research in Science and Technology Journal, (11), 24-31.
• Bağdatlı M.C. & Belliturk K. 2016b. Negative Effects of Climate Change in Turkey, Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, Med Crave Publishing, 3(2):44-46
• Bağdatlı M.C & Belliturk K. 2016a. Water Resources Have Been Threatened in Thrace Region of Turkey, Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, MedCrave Publishing, 4(1):227- 228.
• Byrd W. A. 2008. Responding to Afghanistan's Opium economy challenge: lessons and policy implications from a development perspective. World Bank policy research working paper, (4545).
• Cline W. R. 2008. Global warming and agriculture. Finance & Development, 45(001). Commons, C. S. 2006. Country Profile.
• Darwin R., Tsigas M., Lewandrowski J. & Raneses A. 1995. World Agriculture and Climate Change: Economic Adaptation. Report No. AER-709, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
• Easterling III W.E., Crosson P.R., Rosenberg N.J., McKenney M.S., Katz L.A., & Lemon K.M. 1993. Agricultural impacts of and response to climate change in the MissouriIowaNebraska-Kansas (MINK) region. Climatic Change 24, 23-16.
• EPA U. 2017. Climate impacts on agriculture and food supply. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
• Esa Y. A. M. & Sapawe N. 2020. A short review on carbon dioxide (CO2) methanation process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 31: 394-397.
• Formoli T. A. 1995. Impacts of the Afghan–Soviet war on Afghanistan's environment. Environmental Conservation, 22(1), 66-69.
• Fox R. S. 1967. Agriculture in Afghanistan's economy (Vol. 2).
• Goodhand J. & Sedra M. 2010. Who owns the peace? Aid, reconstruction and peacebuilding in Afghanistan. Disasters, 34, S78-S102.
• Hashimi R., Matsuura E. & Komatsuzaki M. 2020. Effects of cultivating rice and wheat with and without organic fertilizer application on greenhouse gas emissions and soil quality in Khost, Afghanistan. Sustainability, 12(16), 6508.
• Hashimi S., Kondo M., Ito R. & Kajisa T. 2017. Laser land leveling for crop yield and water efficiency in eastern Afghanistan. GEOMATE Journal, 13(36), 116-121.
• İstanbulluoğlu A., Bağdatlı M.C. & Arslan C. 2013. Uzun Yıllık Yağış Verilerinin Trend Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi Tekirdağ-Çorlu İlçesi Uygulaması, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 70-77.
• Jawadi H. A., Malistani H. A. & Mohamdi H. 2019 Climate Change and Variability Effects on Water supplies, Hazards, Land degradation and Migration in Afghanistan (with examples from Central Highlands).
• Kaiser H. M., Riha S. J., Wilks D. S., Rossiter D. G. & Sampath R. 1993. A farm‐level analysis of economic and agronomic impacts of gradual climate warming. American journal of agricultural economics, 75(2), 387-398.
• Kane S., Reilly J., Tobey J. 1992. An empirical study of the economic effects of climate change on world agriculture. Climatic Change 21, 17-35
• Kim T. W. & Jehanzaib M. 2020. Drought risk analysis, forecasting and assessment under climate change. Water, 12(7), 1862.
• Mendelsohn R., Nordhaus W. & Shaw D. 1994. The impacts of global warming on agriculture: a ricardian analysis. Am. Econ. Rev. 84, 753-771.
• Mirza M. 2011. Climate change, flooding in South Asia and implications. Regional environmental change, 11(1), 95-107.
• Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V., Underwood, E. C., ... & Kassem, K. R. 2001. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. BioScience, 51(11), 933-938.
• Omerkhil, N., Kumar, P., Mallick, M., Meru, L. B., Chand, T., Rawat, P. S., & Pandey, R. 2020. Micro-level adaptation strategies by smallholders to adapt climate change in the least developed countries (LDCs): insights from Afghanistan. Ecological Indicators, 118, 106781.
• Osmani A. K., Reyer J. A., Osmani A. R. & Hamajima N. 2015. Factors influencing contraceptive use among women in Afghanistan: secondary analysis of Afghanistan Health Survey 2012. Nagoya journal of medical science, 77(4), 551.
• Pachauri R. K. & Meyer L. A. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
• Palka E.J. 2001. Afghanistan: A Regional Geography; United States Military Academy, West Point Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering: West Point, NY, USA. Parenti C. 2015. Flower of War. The SAIS Review of International Affairs, 35(1), 183-200.
• Pervez M. S., Budde M. & Rowland J. 2014. Mapping irrigated areas in Afghanistan over the past decade using MODIS NDVI. Remote Sensing of Environment, 149, 155-165. Qureshi A. S. 2002. Water resources management in Afghanistan: The issues and options (Vol. 49). Iwmi.
• Qutbudin I., Shiru M. S., Sharafati A., Ahmed K., Al-Ansari N., Yaseen Z. M. ... & Wang X. 2019. Seasonal drought pattern changes due to climate variability: Case study in Afghanistan. Water, 11(5), 1096.
• Rosenzweig C., Iglesias A. (Eds.) 1994. Implications of Climate Change for International Agriculture: Crop Modeling Study. EPA 230-B-94-003, US EPA Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Climate Change Division, Adaptation Branch, Washington, DC.
• Rosvold E. L., Funnemark A., Grand A. O., Tarif K. & Smith E. 2021. Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Afghanistan.
• Rycroft D. W. & Wegerich K. 2009. The three blind spots of Afghanistan: Water flow, irrigation development, and the impact of climate change. In China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly (Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 115-133).
• Safdar F., Khokhar M. F., Mahmood F., Khan M. Z. A. & Arshad M. 2022. Observed and predicted precipitation variability across Pakistan with special focus on winter and premonsoon precipitation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-21.
• Savage M., Dougherty B., Hamza M., Butterfield R. & Bharwani S. 2009. Socio-economic impacts of climate change in Afghanistan. Stockholm Environment Institute: Oxford, UK.
• Sharma R. & Habibi H. K. 2012. Wheat secure Afghanistan: assessing priorities. eWIS, 115, 11-15.
• Sharma R., Sonder K. & Sika G. 2015. Potential impact of climate change trends on wheat production and mitigation strategies in Afghanistan. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(4): 40.
• Shroder J. F. & Ahmadzai S. J. 2016. Transboundary water resources in Afghanistan: climate change and land-use implications. Elsevier.
• Shukla P. R., Skeg J., Buendia E. C., Masson-Delmotte V., Pörtner H. O., Roberts D. C. & Malley J. 2019. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
• Solomon S., Plattner G. K., Knutti R. & Friedlingstein P. 2009. Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(6), 1704-1709.
• Sutton R. T., Dong B. & Gregory J. M. 2007. Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations. Geophysical research letters, 34(2).
• Tavva S., Abdelali-Martini M., Aw-Hassan A., Rischkowsky B., Tibbo M. & Rizvi J. 2013. Gender roles in agriculture: The case of Afghanistan. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 20(1), 111-134.
• Thomas V. & Ramzi A. M. 2011. SRI contributions to rice production dealing with water management constraints in northeastern Afghanistan. Paddy and Water Environment, 9(1), 101-109.
• Tiwari V., Matin M. A., Qamer F. M., Ellenburg W. L., Bajracharya B., Vadrevu K. ... & Yusafi, W. 2020. Wheat area mapping in Afghanistan based on optical and SAR time-series images in google earth engine cloud environment. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 77.
• Uçak A. B. & Bağdatlı M.C. 2017. Effects of Deficit Irrigation Treatments on Seed Yield, Oil Ratio and Water Use Efficiency of Sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.), Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(4): 2983-2991
• Weiss J. 2009. The economics of climate change in Southeast Asia: a regional review. WFP U. & NEPA, N. 2016. Climate change in Afghanistan: What does it mean for rural livelihoods and food security? Afghanistan.
• Wijenayake V. 2018. Human rights and climate change: focusing on South Asia. In Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Climate Governance (pp. 312-318). Routledge.
• World Bank Group. 2021. Climate Risk Country Profile: Afghanistan. World Bank