Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Kullanılarak Tek Taraflı Kondiler Hiperplazi vakalarında Temporomandibular Eklemin Morfolojik Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 84 - 89, 22.12.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Unilateral kondiler hiperplazi (UCH), mandibular kondilin aşırı ve asimetrik büyümesiyle karakterize nadir görülen bir gelişimsel bozukluktur. Bu durum yüz asimetrisine, maloklüzyona ve temporomandibular eklem (TME) disfonksiyonuna yol açar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hiperplastik kondillerde morfolojik ve konumsal değişiklikleri konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (CBCT) ve tek foton emisyon bilgisayarlı tomografi (SPECT) sintigrafisi kullanarak analiz etmektir.
Yöntemler: Geriye dönük gözlemsel bir çalışma, 21’i UCH tanılı hasta ve 14’ü sağlıklı kontrol olmak üzere toplam 35 katılımcı üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Tüm hastalarda klinik muayene ve SPECT sintigrafisi ile UCH tanısı doğrulandı. Kondil morfolojisini ve konumsal farklılıkları değerlendirmek için CBCT görüntüleri elde edildi. Kondiler aks açısı (CAA), kondiler inklinasyon (CI), eklem aralığı boyutları, gonial açı (GA) ve ramus yüksekliği (RH) dahil olmak üzere doğrusal ve açısal ölçümler yapıldı. Hiperplastik, non-hiperplastik ve kontrol kondilleri karşılaştırmak için istatistiksel analizler gerçekleştirildi.
Bulgular: Hiperplastik kondiller, non-hiperplastik kondillere kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha düşük CAA değerine sahipti (22,97° ± 8,16; non-hiperplastik: 28,42° ± 7,07, p = 0,026). Anterior eklem aralığı (AJS) hiperplastik kondillerde anlamlı olarak daha geniş bulundu (3,75 mm ± 1,09, p = 0,001), buna karşın superior eklem aralığı (SJS) ve posterior eklem aralığı (PJS) anlamlı derecede daha düşüktü. Gonial açı ve ramus yüksekliği hiperplastik kondillerde, non-hiperplastik ve kontrol kondillere kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha büyük bulundu. Bu bulgular, hiperplastik kondillerin mediolateral genişlemeden ziyade baskın olarak süperoinferior yönde büyüme gösterdiğini düşündürmektedir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, UCH ile ilişkili morfometrik varyasyonlara dair yeni veriler sunmakta ve Tip 1B kondiler hiperplaziye ilişkin geleneksel anlayışı sorgulamaktadır. Bulgular, her hastadaki özgün morfolojik ve konumsal adaptasyonların dikkate alınmasını gerektiren bireyselleştirilmiş tedavi yaklaşımlarının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecek araştırmaların, tanı ve tedavi stratejilerini optimize etmek için 3D morfometrik analiz ve uzunlamasına çalışmalara odaklanması gerekmektedir.

Ethical Statement

İlgili çalışma için Hacettepe Universitesi Etik Kurulundan onay alınmıştır

References

  • 1. Higginson, J., et al., Condylar hyperplasia: current thinking. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2018. 56(8): p. 655-662. 2. Olate, S., et al., Facial asymmetry and condylar hyperplasia: considerations for diagnosis in 27 consecutives patients.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,2013. 6(10): p. 937.
  • 3. Karssemakers, L.H., et al., Impact of bone volume upon condylar activity in patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2018. 76(10): p. 2177-2182.
  • 4. Goulart, D.R., et al., Comparative evaluation of condylar volume between patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia and class III dentofacial deformity. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017. 75(1): p. 180-188.
  • 5. Anzola, L.K., et al., Diagnostic Efficacy of Bone SPECT Techniques in Differentiating Unilateral and Bilateral Condylar Hyperplasia. Diagnostics, 2024. 14(22): p. 2548.
  • 6. Wolford, L.M., R. Movahed, and D.E. Perez, A classification system for conditions causing condylar hyperplasia. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2014. 72(3): p. 567-595.
  • 7. Olate, S., et al., Mandible condylar hyperplasia: a review of diagnosis and treatment protocol. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 2013. 6(9): p. 727.
  • 8. Raijmakers, P.G., L.H. Karssemakers, and D.B. Tuinzing, Female predominance and effect of gender on unilateral condylar hyperplasia: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2012. 70(1): p. e72-e76.
  • 9. Nitzan, D.W., et al., The clinical characteristics of condylar hyperplasia: experience with 61 patients. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2008. 66(2): p. 312-318.
  • 10. Rodrigues, A.F., M.R. Fraga, and R.W.F. Vitral, Computed tomography evaluation of the temporomandibular joint in Class I malocclusion patients: condylar symmetry and condyle-fossa relationship. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 2009. 136(2): p. 192-198.
  • 11. Saridin, C.P., et al., Bone scintigraphy as a diagnostic method in unilateral hyperactivity of the mandibular condyles: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2011. 40(1): p. 11-17.
  • 12. Hwang, H.-S., W.-S. Kim, and J.A. McNamara Jr, Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profile of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. The Angle Orthodontist, 2002. 72(1): p. 72-80.
  • 13. Cheong, Y.-W. and L.-J. Lo, Facial asymmetry: etiology, evaluation, and management. Chang Gung Med J, 2011. 34(4): p. 341-51.
  • 14. Obwegeser, H.L. and M.S. Makek, Hemimandibular hyperplasia—hemimandibular elongation. Journal of maxillofacial surgery, 1986. 14: p. 183-208.
  • 15. Baek, S.-H., et al., Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2007. 104(5): p. 628-639.
  • 16. Slootweg, P.J. and H. Müller, Condylar hyperplasia. A clinicopathological analysis of 22 cases. Journal of maxillofacial surgery, 1986. 14: p. 209-214.

Morphological Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint in Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 84 - 89, 22.12.2025

Abstract

Abstract
Objective: Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is a rare developmental disorder that results in excessive and asymmetric growth of the mandibular condyle, leading to facial asymmetry, malocclusion, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. This study aims to analyze the morphological and positional alterations in hyperplastic condyles using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scintigraphy.
Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 35 participants, including 21 patients diagnosed with UCH and 14 healthy controls. All patients were confirmed to have UCH via clinical examination and SPECT scintigraphy. CBCT scans were obtained to assess condylar morphology and positional differences. Linear and angular measurements, including condylar axial angle (CAA), condylar inclination (CI), joint space dimensions, gonial angle (GA), and ramus height (RH), were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare hyperplastic, non-hyperplastic, and control condyles.
Results: Hyperplastic condyles exhibited a significantly lower CAA (22.97° ± 8.16) compared to non-hyperplastic condyles (28.42° ± 7.07, p = 0.026). Anterior joint space (AJS) was significantly larger in hyperplastic condyles (3.75 mm ± 1.09, p = 0.001), whereas superior joint space (SJS) and posterior joint space (PJS) were significantly reduced. Gonial angle and ramus height were significantly greater in hyperplastic condyles than in non-hyperplastic and control condyles. These findings suggest that hyperplastic condyles undergo predominant superoinferior growth rather than mediolateral expansion.
Conclusion: This study provides novel insights into the morphometric variations associated with UCH, challenging the traditional understanding of Type 1B condylar hyperplasia. The findings emphasize the need for individualized treatment approaches considering the unique morphological and positional adaptations in each patient. Future research should focus on 3D morphometric analysis and longitudinal studies to optimize diagnosis and management strategies.

Ethical Statement

Approval was received from the Hacettepe University Ethics Committee for the relevant study.

References

  • 1. Higginson, J., et al., Condylar hyperplasia: current thinking. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2018. 56(8): p. 655-662. 2. Olate, S., et al., Facial asymmetry and condylar hyperplasia: considerations for diagnosis in 27 consecutives patients.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,2013. 6(10): p. 937.
  • 3. Karssemakers, L.H., et al., Impact of bone volume upon condylar activity in patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2018. 76(10): p. 2177-2182.
  • 4. Goulart, D.R., et al., Comparative evaluation of condylar volume between patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia and class III dentofacial deformity. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017. 75(1): p. 180-188.
  • 5. Anzola, L.K., et al., Diagnostic Efficacy of Bone SPECT Techniques in Differentiating Unilateral and Bilateral Condylar Hyperplasia. Diagnostics, 2024. 14(22): p. 2548.
  • 6. Wolford, L.M., R. Movahed, and D.E. Perez, A classification system for conditions causing condylar hyperplasia. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2014. 72(3): p. 567-595.
  • 7. Olate, S., et al., Mandible condylar hyperplasia: a review of diagnosis and treatment protocol. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 2013. 6(9): p. 727.
  • 8. Raijmakers, P.G., L.H. Karssemakers, and D.B. Tuinzing, Female predominance and effect of gender on unilateral condylar hyperplasia: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2012. 70(1): p. e72-e76.
  • 9. Nitzan, D.W., et al., The clinical characteristics of condylar hyperplasia: experience with 61 patients. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2008. 66(2): p. 312-318.
  • 10. Rodrigues, A.F., M.R. Fraga, and R.W.F. Vitral, Computed tomography evaluation of the temporomandibular joint in Class I malocclusion patients: condylar symmetry and condyle-fossa relationship. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 2009. 136(2): p. 192-198.
  • 11. Saridin, C.P., et al., Bone scintigraphy as a diagnostic method in unilateral hyperactivity of the mandibular condyles: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2011. 40(1): p. 11-17.
  • 12. Hwang, H.-S., W.-S. Kim, and J.A. McNamara Jr, Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profile of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. The Angle Orthodontist, 2002. 72(1): p. 72-80.
  • 13. Cheong, Y.-W. and L.-J. Lo, Facial asymmetry: etiology, evaluation, and management. Chang Gung Med J, 2011. 34(4): p. 341-51.
  • 14. Obwegeser, H.L. and M.S. Makek, Hemimandibular hyperplasia—hemimandibular elongation. Journal of maxillofacial surgery, 1986. 14: p. 183-208.
  • 15. Baek, S.-H., et al., Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2007. 104(5): p. 628-639.
  • 16. Slootweg, P.J. and H. Müller, Condylar hyperplasia. A clinicopathological analysis of 22 cases. Journal of maxillofacial surgery, 1986. 14: p. 209-214.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülin Acar 0000-0002-4414-9662

Ersagun Kara 0009-0004-3287-4789

Hakan Tuz 0000-0002-3883-2406

Submission Date September 23, 2025
Acceptance Date December 1, 2025
Publication Date December 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Acar G, Kara E, Tuz H. Morphological Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint in Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. EJOMS. 2025;4(4):84-9.

Creative Common Attribution Licence, EJOMS Licence © 2024 by Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Society is licensed under

Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International