An experimental investigation of formability of inconel sheet plate for different die angles and rolling directions in press brake bending

Abstract

The formability of Inconel materials is important to be used in engineering applications such as in fields of aircraft and maritime. The aim of study is to investigate bending characteristic and formability of Inconel 625 material having a property of corrosion resistance and high strength. In the paper, spring-back phenomena of Inconel 625 sheets are focused on experimentally. The 4 specimens for each different die angle are prepared to be bent. The press brake is used for forming Inconel 625 sheets. The die angle is altered from 90˚ to 150˚. The different rolling direction such as 0˚ and 90˚ is chosen to investigate the effect of grain orientation on spring-back of Inconel sheets. The bending radius is constant and set as 2 mm for all bending tests. The spring-back angles and amounts are measured. Results show that as the bending angle is increased, the spring-back amount in units of angle is decreased averagely from 3.35˚ to 2.58˚ for 0˚ rolling direction and maximum spring-back angle is obtained at a die angle of 120˚ for rolling direction of 90˚. Finally, Erichsen cupping test is also applied to determine the deformability of Inconel sheets. It is demonstrated that cup height value has been found as 17.20 mm.

Keywords

• Spring-back
• Inconel
• formability
• die angle
• bending press.

References

1. Referans1 Alghtani, A., Brooks, P. C., Barton, D. C., Toropov, V. V. (2018). Optimisation of Important Factors Influencing Spring-back after Sheet Metal Forming. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13:16027-16035. DOI:10.37622/000000.
2. Referans 2 Fan, L. F., Gou, J., Wang, G., and Gao, Y. (2020). Springback Characteristics of Cylindrical Bending of Tailor Rolled Blanks. Advances in Materials Science Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9371808.
3. Referans 3 Hai, V. G., Minh, N. T. H., and Nguyen, D. T. (2020). A study on experiment and simulation to predict the spring-back of SS400 steel sheet in large radius of V-bending process. Materials Research Express, 7(1), https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab67f5.
4. Referans 4 Leu, D-K., Hsieh, C-M. (2008). The influence of coining force on spring-back reduction in V-die bending process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 196: 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.033.
5. Referans 5 Tong, V-C. and Nguyen, D-T. (2018). A study on spring-back in U-draw bending of DP350 high-strength steel sheets based on combined isotropic and kinematic hardening laws. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 10(9):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814018797436.
6. Referans 6 Jung, J., Jun, S., Lee, H-S., Kim, B-M., Lee, M-G., and Kim, J. H. (2017). Anisotropic Hardening Behaviour and Springback of Advanced High-Strength Steels. Metals, 7:480. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7110480.
7. Referans 7 Zhu, Y. X., Chen, W., Li, H. P., Liu, Y. L., Chen, L. (2018). Springback study of RDB of rectangular H96 tube. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 138–139:282–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.02.022.
8. Referans 8 Lal, R. K., Choubey, V. K., Dwivedi, J. P., & Kumar, S. (2018). Study of factors affecting Springback in Sheet Metal Forming and Deep Drawing Process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5: 4353–4358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.002.

9. Referans 9 Chen, L., Chen, H., Guo, W., Chen, G., Wang, Q. (2014). Experimental and simulation studies of springback in rubber forming using aluminium sheet straight flanging process. Materials and Design, 54:354–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.050.
10. Referans 10 Elghawail, A., Essa, K., Abosaf, M., Tolipov, A., Su, S., and Pham, D. (2017). Prediction of springback in multi-point forming. Cogent Engineering, 4(1): 1400507. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1400507.
11. Referans 11 Slota, J., Gajdos, I., Spišák, E., Šiser, M. (2017). Springback Prediction of Stretching Process Using Finite Element Analysis for DP600 Steel Sheet. Acta Mechanica et Automatica, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ama-2017-0001.
12. Referans 12 Hakimi, S., and Soualem, A. (2021). Evaluation of the sensitivity of springback to various process parameters of aluminum alloy sheet with different heat treatment conditions. Engineering Solid Mechanics, 9: 323-334. DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.1.005.
13. Referans 13 Ghimire, S., Emeerith, Y., Ghosh, R., Ghosh, S. (2017). Finite Element Analysis of an Aluminium Alloy Sheet in a V-Die Punch Mechanism Considering Spring-Back Effect. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 12(2):331-342.
14. Referans 14 Gupta, T. R., Sidhu, S. S., Payal, H. S. (2018). Effect of die width on spring back of electrogalvanized CR4 steel during air bending. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5:18416–18425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.182.
15. Referans 15 Kartik, T., and Rajesh, R. (2017). Effect of Punch Radius and Sheet Thickness on Spring-back in V-die Bending. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 11(8):178-183.
16. Referans 16 Pornputsiri, N., Kanlayasiri, K. (2020). Effect of bending temperatures on the microstructure and springback of a TRIP steel sheet. Def. Technology, 16:980-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.11.018.
17. Referans 17 Moon, Y. H., Kang, S. S., Cho, J. R., Kim, T. G. (2003). Effect of tool temperature on the reduction of the springback of aluminum sheets. Journal of Materials Processing and Technology, 132:365–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00925-1.
18. Referans 18 Ma, Z., Tong, G. Q., Chen, F., Wang, Q., Wang, S. (2015). Grain size effect on springback behavior in bending of Ti 2.5Al-1.5Mn foils. Journal of Materials Processing and Technology, 224:11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.04.025.
19. Referans 19 Choi, M. K., Huh, H. (2014). Effect of punch speed on amount of springback in U-bending process of auto-body steel sheets. Procedia Engineering, 81:963–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.125.
20. Referans 20 Krinninger M, Opritescu D, Golle R, Volk W. (2016). Experimental investigation of the influence of punch velocity on the springback behavior and the flat length in free bending. Procedia CIRP, 41:1066 – 1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.12.137.
21. Referans 21 Sharad, G., Nandedkar, V. M. (2014) Springback in Sheet Metal U Bending-Fea and Neural Network Approach. Procedia Materials Science, 6:835–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.100.
22. Referans 22 Abdullah, S. A., Buang, M. S., Zulkpli, M. A., Mokhtar, F. R., Abdullah, H. (2018) Effect of Tensile and Material Properties on Springback Behavior of DP 590 Advanced High Strength Steel During Bending Process. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7:166-170. DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.18.21896.
23. Referans 23 Zhang, R. Y., Zhao, G. Y., Guo, Z. H., & Quan, Y. P. (2015). Effects of material parameters on springback of 5052 aluminium alloy sections with hat profile in rotary draw bending. Internatonal Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology: 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7056-8.
24. Referans 24 Da Silva, E. A., Fernandes, L. F. V. M., Silva, J. W. D. J., Ribeiro, R. B., Pereira, M. D. S, Alexis, J. (2016). A Comparison between an Advanced High-Strength Steel and a High-Strength Steel Due to the Spring back Effect. IOSR journal of mechanical and civil engineering, 13(05):21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-1305012127.
25. Referans 25 Slota, J., Jurcišin, M., Dvorák, M. (2013). Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Springback Prediction in U-Bendings of Anisotropic Sheet Metals. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej, Mechanika, 85[288], nr4:525-533.
26. Referans 26 Srinivasan, R., and Raja, G. K. (2019). Experimental study on bending behavior of aluminium-copper clad sheets in V-bending process. Mechanics and Industry, 20:618. https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019059.
27. Referans 27 Cho, J. R., Moon, S. J., Moon, Y. H., Kang, S. S. (2003). Finite element investigation on spring-back characteristics in sheet metal U-bending process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 141: 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00163-8.
28. Referans 28 Panthi, S. K., Ramakrishnan, N., Ahmed, M., Singh, S. S., Goel, M. D. (2010). Finite Element Analysis of sheet metal bending process to predict the springback. Materials and Design, 31:657–662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.022.
29. Referans 29 Jeong, H-S., Ha, M. Y., and Cho, J-R. (2012). Theoretical and FE Analysis for Inconel 625 Fine Tube Bending to Predict Springback. International Journal of Precise Engineering, 13(12): 2143-2148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0284-z.
30. Referans 30 Kumar, K. D., Appukuttan, K. K., Neelakantha, V. L., Naik, P. S. (2014). Experimental determination of spring back and thinning effect of aluminum sheet metal during L-bending operation. Materials and Design, 56:613–619, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.047.
31. Referans 31 Davoodi, B., Zareh-Desari, B. (2014). Assessment of forming parameters influencing spring-back in multi-point forming process: A comprehensive experimental and numerical study. Materials and Design, 59:103–114, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.043.
32. Referans 32 Buang, M. S., Abdullah, S. A., and Saedon, J. (2015). Effect of Die and Punch Radius on Springback of Stainless Steel Sheet Metal in the Air V-Die Bending Process. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 8:1322-1331, http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.8.2015.7.0129.
33. Referans 33 Saito, N., Fukahori, M., Hisano, D., Hamasaki, H., Yoshida, F. (2017). Effects of temperature, forming speed and stress relaxation on springback in warm forming of high strength steel sheet. Procedia Engineering, 207: 2394–2398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.1014.
34. Referans 34 Qudeiri, J. A., Khadra, F. A., Al-Ahmari, A., Umar, U. (2013). Effect of Material and Geometrical Parameters on the Springback of Metallic Sheets. Life Sciences, 10(2).
35. Referans 35 Choi, C. H., Kulinsky, L., Jun, J. S., and Kim, J. H. (2014). A Numerical Study of the Spring-Back Phenomenon in Bending with a Rebar Bending Machine. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 6: 959207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/959207
36. Referans 36 Suchy I. Handbook of Die Design. 2nd edn., McGraw-Hill, 2006, p.363.
37. Referans 37 Santos, R. O., Pereira, A. B., Butuc, M. C., Vincze, G., Festas, A. J. and Moreira, L. P. (2020). Development of a Device Compatible with Universal Testing Machine to Perform Hole Expansion and Erichsen Cupping Tests, Machines, 8: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines8010002.