SELF EFFICACY AS MEDIATOR BETWEEN LEARNING AND BEHAVIOUR AMONG IN-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS TRAINING PROGRAMME OF HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 , 177 - 188, 01.09.2017

Natrah Mohamad Kamisah Osman

Öz

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between
learning and behaviour among Malaysian science teachers after attending the
In-Service Teachers Training Programme of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
which was mediated by their self-efficacy. The four-level model of Kirkpatrick
was applied to evaluate training effectiveness at two levels, learning and
behaviour based on the application of Bandura’s social cognitive
theory. Multiple regression analyses indicate that self-efficacy mediated
the relationship between learning (Knowledge, Skills, Attitude change) and
behaviour. One of the practical implications emerging from this study is the
importance of promoting and encouraging teacher participation in hand-on and
HOTS-oriented activities. Such activities not only develop their
self-confidence, but enhance their self-efficacy when implementing teaching and
learning innovations related to HOTs. In terms of modification of the
four-level model, the school organiser of the HOTS Programme should also
include “self-efficacy” in the evaluation process in order to improve its
effectiveness. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Learning, self-efficacy, behaviour, training, higher order thinking skills

Kaynakça

• Aguinis, H. and Kraiger, K. (2009), ‘Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society’, Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451–74. Aliegro, J.C. (2008), “The relationship between self-efficacy and self-assessment in foreign language education: a pilot study”, Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics, 2,1, 1-4. Aluko, F. R. (2009). The impact of an Advanced Certificate in Education programme on the professional practice of graduates. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10, 4. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org. Aluko, F.R. & Shonubi, O. K. (2014) Going beyond Kirkpatrick's Training Evaluation Model: The role of workplace factors in distance learning transfer, Africa Education Review, 11(4), 638-657. Baldwin, T. T. and Ford, J. K. (1988), ‘Transfer of training: a review and directions for future research’, Personnel Psychology, 41, 63–105. Bandura, A. (1986). “Social cognitive theory”, Annals of Child Development, 6, 1-60. Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Adv. in Behavioral Res. and Therapy, 1(4), 237–269. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Amer. Psychologist 37(2), 122–147. Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. J. Personality and Soc. Psych. 41(3), 586–598. Bandura, A., & Wood, R. E. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 805-814. Barak, M., Ben-Chaim, D., & Zoller, U. (2007). Purposely teaching for the promotion of higher-order thinking skills: A case of critical thinking. Research in Science Education, 37(4), 353–369. Bates, R. (2004). “A critical analysis of evaluation practice: the Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence”, Evaluation and Program Planning, 27, 341-7. Benkarn, P. (2005). “The promotion of self-efficacy in the development process of teacher classroom action research”,dissertation,Graduate School,Srinakharinwirot University,Bangkok, Bhatti, M. A., Ali, S., Mohd Isa, M. F., & Mohamed Battour, M. (2014). Training Transfer and Transfer Motivation: The Infleuence of Individual, Environmental, Situational, Training Design, and Aff ective Reaction Factors. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 27(1), 51-82. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301 Broad, L.M. (2003), Beyond Transfer of Training: Engaging Systems to Improve Performance, Pfeiffer & Co., San Diego, CA. Burke, L. A., and Hutchins, H. M. (2007). Training Transfer: An Integrative Literature Review. Human Resource Development Review, 6(3), 263-296 Cascio, W.F. (1991). Applied Psychology in Personnel Management, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Chalofsky, N. (1991), “HRD and corporate social responsibility”, Organizational Issues and Human Resource Development Research Questions: A Guide for Researchers in Human Resource Development, University Council for Research in Human Resource Development and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 18-27. Clark, D. (2000). “Transfer of learning”, http:///www.nwlink.com/,donclark/hrd/learning/ transfer.html Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Dori, Y. J., & Herscovitz, O. (2005). Case-based long term professional development of science teachers. International Journal of Science Education, 27(14), 131-446. Frayne, C. A., Latham, G. P. (1987). Application of social learning theory to employee self-management of attendance. J. Appl. Psych. 72 (3) 387–392. Giangreco, A., Carugati, A., Denmark, A. & Sebastiano, A. (2010). Are we doing the right thing? Food for thought on training evaluation and its context. Personnel review, 39(2),162-177. Gist, M. E. (1989). The influence of trail and idea generation among managers. 787-805. Gist, M. E., Schwoerer, C, & Rosen, B. (1989). Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training. Journal of Applied Psvchologv, 74, 884-891. Gist, M.E. and Mitchell, T.R. (1992), “Self-efficacy: a theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability”, Academy of Management Review, 17(2),183-211. Gist ME, Stevens CK, Bavetta AG. (1991). Effects of self-efficacy and post-training intervention on the acquisition and maintenance of complex interpersonal skills. Personnel Psychology, 44, 837-861. Griffin, R. P. (2010). Means and ends: Effective training evaluation. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(4), 220-225. Hastings, R.P. and Brown, T. (2002), “Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health”, American Journal of Mental Retardation, 107(3), 222-32. Hayes, A. F., Glynn, C. J., & Huge, M. E. (2012). Cautions regarding the interpretation of regression coeffi- cients and hypothesis tests in regression models with interactions. Communication Methods and Measures, 6, 1-12. Hinrichs, J. (1966), Personnel Training. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Holton III, E. F., R. A. Bates and W. Ruona. (2000). Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11 (4), 333–360. Holton III, E. F., R. A. Bates, A. I. Bookter and V. B. Yamkovenko. (2007). Convergent, divergent validity of the learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(3), 385–419. Holton, E. F., III. (1996). The flawed four-level evaluation model. Human Resources Development Quarterly, 7(1), 5-21. Holton, E.F. III (1996), “The flawed four-level evaluation model”, Human Resource Development Quarterly,7( 1), 5-21. Holton, E.F. III, Bates, R.A. and Ruona, W.E.A. (2001), “Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(4),333-60. Hutchins, H. M., Burke, L. A. and Berthelsen, A. M. (2010), ‘A missing link in the transfer problem? Examining how trainers learn about training transfer’, Human Resource Management, 49, 599–618. Jones, R. J., Woods, S. A., & Guillaume, Y. R. L. (2015). The effectiveness of workplace coaching: A meta-analysis of learning and performance outcomes from coaching, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1-29. Kirkpatrick, D. L & Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2010). Evaluating training programs: The four levels (3Ed.). USA:Berret Koehler Publishers. Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1994). Evaluating training programmes: the four levels. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1959), Evaluating Training Programs, available at: http:///www.businessballs.com/ Kirkpatrick learning evaluation model.htm. Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1998), Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels, (2nd Ed), Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA. Knowles, M. S. (1984). Adult learning and practice. In Nadler, L. (Ed.), Handbook of human resource development, 405-445. New York: John Wiley. Kong, S. L. (2010). Critical thinking for effective teaching and learning. Republic of Singapore: Research Publishing Services. Kosuwan, S., Suntayakorn, C., Wannapornsiri, C. and Siripornpibul, T. (2007), “The effect of self-efficacy enhancing program on perceived self practice and body weight among overweight female adolescent students, amphor lomsak, phetchaboon province”, Journal of Nursing Science Naresuan University, 1(1), 32-46. Kraiger, K., McLinden, D. and Casper, W.J. (2004), “Collaborative planning for training impact”, Human Resource Management, 43(4), 337-51. Loving, G. L., & Wilson, J. S. (2000). Infusing critical thinking into the nursing curriculum through faculty development. Nurse Educator, 25(2), 70- 75. Maciejewski, P.K., Prigerson, H.G. and Mazure, C.M. (2000), “Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms”, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 373-8. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribu- tion of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99-128. McAuley, E. (1993), “Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults”, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(1),103-13. Ministry of Education (2012). Ministry of Education (2013). Moriarty, B., Douglas, G., Punch, K. and Hattie, J. (1995), “The importance of self-efficacy as a mediating variable between learning environments and achievement”, British Journal of Education Psychology, 65 (1), 73-84. National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). (2001). Standards for professional development schools. Washington, DC. National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). (1996). National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). (2000). Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Science Teachers Association (NSTA). (2003). Standards for science teacher preparation. Washington, DC: Author. Newstrom, J. W. (1984). A role-taker time differentiation integration of transfer strategies. A Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto: Ontario, 24–28 August. Noe, R. A. (2010). Employee training and development (5 Ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. Ott, J., Greening, L., Palardy, N., Holderby, A. and DeBell, W.K. (2000), “Self-efficacy as a mediator variable for adolescents’ adherence to treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus”, Children’s Health Care, 29(1), 47-63. Pershing, J.A. and Pershing, J.L. (2001), “Ineffective reaction evaluation”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(1), 73-90. Phillips, J. (1991), Handbook of Training Evaluation and Measurement Methods, (2nd Ed.), Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. Rimal, A. and Moon, W. (2009), “Self efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between dietary knowledge and behavior”, paper presented at Annual Meeting of Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Atlanta, GA, USA, 31 January-3 February. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Seo, E.H. (2008), “Self-efficacy as a moderator in the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism and academic procrastination”, Social Behavior and Personality, 36(6),753-64. Subedi, B. S. 2004. Emerging trends of research on transfer of learning. International Education Journal, 5 (4): 591–599. Sukserm, T. and Takahashi, Y. (2012),"Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationships between learning and ethical behaviour from human resource development in corporate social responsibility activity", Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 4(1),8 – 22. Tannenbaum, S. I., Mathieu, J. E, Salas, E., & Canaon-Bowers, J. A. 1991. Meeting trainees' eiqiectations: The influence of training fulfilment on the development of commitment, self-efficacy, and motivation. Journal of Applied Psvchologv. 76, 759-769. Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J-Y. (2008). Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 241-269. Tobin, K., Kahle, J.B. & Fraser, B.J. (Eds.). (1990). Windows into science classes: problems associated with higher-level cognitive learning. London: Falmer Press. Wang, S., Johansson, I .S., Bjorkstrom, M. E., & Nordstrom G. (2010) Critical thinking dispositions among newly graduated nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(10), 2170-2181. Winfrey, E.C. (1999), “Kirkpatrick’s four levels of evaluation”, Retrieved from: http://coe.sdsu.edu/ eet/Articles/k4levels/start.htm Zhao, H., Hills, G. and Seibert, S.E. (2005), “The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-72. Zimmerman, B.J. (1990), “Self-regulating academic learning and achievement: the emergence of cognitive perspective”, Educational Psychology Review, 2(2), 173-201. Zimmerman, B.J. (2000), “Self-efficacy: an essential motive to learn”, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 82-91.