Evaluation of Bartın river water quality index and suitability as irrigation water with physicochemical parameters

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the water quality of Bartın River and its usability as irrigation water. In order to evaluate the change of water quality according to the precipitation the samples were collected from 4 points in December and July months. pH, NO₃, SO⁴, Cl^-, total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solid (SS), turbidity, some cations and metals were analyzed in the collected samples. The assessment of physicochemical parameters was made according to the Surface Water Quality Regulation [1]. It was determined that SS and turbidity parameters increased after precipitation and 98% of turbidity was caused by SS. Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺², Mg⁺², SO₄^-2, TP were determined higher in the dry period. Although COD, total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), NO₃ were higher in the rainy season, the difference between the two periods is not much. According to the water quality index, water quality was poor at all sampling points during the rainy season. In the dry period, good quality was also determined at only 1 sampling point. COD is the parameter with the greatest effect on effective weight and water quality. Irrigation water suitability was evaluated with the indexes sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), EC, %Na, magnesium ratio (MR), Kelly index (KI), potential salinity (PS) and total hardness (TH). River water is suitable as irrigation water in both periods according to SAR, %Na, MR, KI indexes. However, since the potential salinity (PS) value is greater than 3 µeq/L at the SP4 in the dry period, it is not suitable as irrigation water. Its total hardness value is >180 mg/L, so it is in the very hard water class.

Keywords

• Water quality index
• irrigation water quality
• sodium adsortion ratio
• Kelly index
• Bartın River

References

1. [1]. N. Al-Ansari, “Management of water resources in Iraq: perspectives and prognoses,ˮ Engineering, Vol. 5, pp. 667–684, 2013.
2. [2]. Z. Wang, Q. Su, S. Wang, Z. Gao, J. Liu, “Spatial distribution and health risk asseSSent of dissolved heavy metals in groundwater of eastern China coastal zone,ˮ Environmental Pollution, Vol. 290, pp.118016, 2021.
3. [3]. S.N. Sinha, D. Paul, K. Biswas, “Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaf extract in treatment of tannery effluentˮ, Our Nature. Vol. 14, pp. 47-53, 2016.
4. [4]. D. Paul, S.N. Sinha, “Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUPSB12 with antibacterial potential from river Ganga, Indiaˮ, Annals of Agrarian Science, Vol. 15, pp. 130-136, 2016.
5. [5]. N.E. Pettit, T.D. Jardine, S.K. Hamilton, V. Sinnamon, D. Valdez, P.M. Davies, M.M. Douglas, S.E. Bunn, “Seasonal changes in water quality and macrophytes and the impact of cattle on tropical floodplain waterholesˮ, Mar. Freshw. Res. Vol. 63, pp. 788–800, 2012.
6. [6]. V. Rodrigues, J. Estrany, M. Ranzini, V. Cicco, J. Martín-Benito, J. Hedo, M. Lucas-Borja, “Effects of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a small tropical catchment: the headwater of Córrego Água Limpa, São Paulo (Brazil)ˮ, Science Of The Total Environment, Vol. 622/623, pp. 1553–1561, 2018.
7. [7]. S.M. Praveena, A.Z. Aris, M. Radojevic, “Heavy metals dyanamics and source in intertidal mangrove sediment of Sabah, Borneo Islandˮ, Environment Asia, Vol. 3, pp. 79-83, 2010.
8. [8]. O. Akoto, T.N. Bruce, G. Darko, “Heavy metals pollution profiles in streams serving the Owabi reservoirˮ, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 2(11), pp. 354–359, 2008.

9. [9]. R. Reza, G. Singh, “Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river waterˮ, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 785–792, 2010.
10. [10]. S.A. Abbasi, N. Abbasi, R. Soni, R. Heavy Metals in the Environment. Mittal Publications, New Delhi. 1998.
11. [11]. R. Nicolau, C.A. Galera, Y. Lucas, “Transfer of nutrients and labile metals fromthe continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean riverˮ, Chemosphere, Vol. 63, pp. 469–476, 2006.
12. [12]. K.M. Mohiuddin, K. Otomo, Y. Ogawa, N. Shikazono, “Seasonal and spatialdistribution of trace elements in the water and sediments of the Tsurumi river in Japanˮ, Environmental Monitoring And AsseSSent, Vol. 184, pp. 265–279, 2012.
13. [13]. A.M. Abdel-Satar, H. Manal, A.K. Waed, R. Alahmad, W.M. Yousef, H.R. Alsomadi, T. Iqbal, “Quality asseSSent of groundwater and agricultural soil in Hail region, Saudi Arabiaˮ, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Vol. 43, pp. 55-64, 2017.
14. [14]. H. Alfaifi, A.S. El-Sorogy, S. Qaysi, A. Kahal, S. Almadani, F. Alshehri, F.K Zaidi, “Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and groundwater quality along the Red Sea coast, southern Saudi Arabiaˮ, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 163, pp. 111975, 2021.
15. [15]. R.S. Ayers, D.W. Westcot, “Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and drainageˮ, Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Rome, Vol. 29, pp. 1-117, 1985.
16. [16]. D.R. Rowe, I.M. Abdel-Magid. Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and reuse, CRC Press, Inc. 550p. 1995. [17]. G. Gunes, “The change of metal pollution in the water and sediment of the Bartın River in rainy and dry seasonsˮ, Environmental Engineering Research, Vol.27(2), pp. 200701, 2022.
17. [18]. ISO 5667-3:2018 Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples. [Internet] https://www.iso.org/standard/72370.html
18. [19]. APHA (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 22nd ed. Washington, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. DC: American Public Health Association; 2012.
19. [20]. T.N. Nganje, A. Edet, S. Cuthbert, C.I. Adamu, A.S. Hursthouse, “The concentration, distribution and health risk from potentially toxic elements in the soil-plant-water system developed on black shales in SE Nigeriaˮ, Vol. 165, pp.103806, 2020.
20. [21]. P. Tirkey, T. Bhattacharya, S. Chakraborty, S. Baraik, “AsseSSent of groundwater quality and associated health risks: A case study of Ranchi city, Jharkhand, Indiaˮ, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, Vol. 5, pp. 85–100, 2017.
21. [22]. R.K. Horton, “An index number system for rating water quality. Journal Water Pollution Control Federationˮ, Vol. 37, 300-305, 1965.
22. [23]. M. Masocha, T. Dube, T. Dube, “Integrating microbiological and physico-chemical parameters for enhanced spatial prediction of groundwater quality in Harareˮ, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 112, pp. 125–133, 2019.
23. [24]. S.M. Khan, A.R. Kumar, “Geogenic asseSSent of water quality index for the groundwater in Tiruchengode Taluk, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, Indiaˮ, Chemical Science Transactions, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 1021–1027, 2013.
24. [25]. M. Al-hadithi, “Application of water quality index to assess suitability of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Ratmao-Pathri Rao watershed, Haridwar District, Indiaˮ, American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 3 (6), pp. 395–402, 2012.
25. [26]. K. Ambiga, R.A. Durai, “Use of geographical information system and water quality index to assess groundwater quality in and around Ranipet areaˮ, International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research, Vellore District, Tamilnadu. Studies/II/IV/July-Sept.2013/73-80, E-ISSN2249- 8974, 2013.
26. [27]. G.S. Rao, G. Nageswararao, “AsseSSent of groundwater quality using water quality indexˮ, Archives of Environmental Science, Vol. 7, pp. 1–5, 2013.
27. [28]. WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum.
28. [29]. A. Ewusi, E.D. Sunkari, J. Seidu, E. Coffie-Anum, “Hydrogeochemical characteristics, sources and human health risk asseSSent of heavy metal dispersion in the mine pit water–surface water–groundwater system in the largest manganese mine in Ghanaˮ, Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol. 26, pp. 102312, 2022.
29. [30]. T.G. Alharbi, “Identification of hydrogeochemical processes and their influence on groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural usage in Wadi Nisah, Central Saudi Arabiaˮ, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 11, pp. 359, 2018.
30. [31]. G. Gunes, “The Change of Physicochemical Properties of Bartın River in Rainy and Dry Periods", Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Engineering Journal Of Science And Engineering, Vol. 21(63), pp. 761-774, 2019.
31. [32]. M. Shibata, S. Sugihara, A.D. Mvondo-Ze, S. Araki, S. Funakawa, “Effect of original vegetation on nutrient loss patterns from Oxisol cropland in forests and adjacentsavannas of Cameroonˮ, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 257, pp. 132–143, 2018.
32. [33]. N. Ejaz, H.N. Hashmi, A.R. Ghumman, “Water quality asseSSent of effluent receiving streams in Pakistan: a case study of Ravi riverˮ, Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 30 (3), pp. 383-396, 2011.
33. [34]. W.P. Kelley, “Use of saline irrigation waterˮ, Soilscience, Vol. 95(6), pp. 385-391, 1963.
34. [35]. L.A. Richards. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. 1954
35. [36]. Wilcox, L.V. “Classification and use of Irrigation Watersˮ, Circular - United States Department of Agriculture, 696, 19 p, Washington D.C, 1955.
36. [37]. K.V. Paliwal. Irrigation with saline water) [Z]. Monogram No. 2 (new series). IARI, New Delhi, p 198, 1972.
37. [38]. L.D. Doneen, “Notes on water quality in agricultureˮ, Published as a water science and engineering paper 4001, Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of California, 1964.
38. [39]. C.N. Dufor, E. Becker, “Public water supplies of the100 largestcities in the United States, 1962: U.S. Geological Survey", Water-Supply Paper, 1812, 1964.
39. [40]. C.N. Sawyer, P.L. McCarty and G.E. Parkin, “Chemistry for Environmental Engineering,” 4th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1994. [41]. N.J. Raju, P. Patel, D. Gurung, P. Ramb, W. Gossel, P. Wycisk, “Geochemical asseSSent of groundwater quality in the Dun valley of central Nepal using chemometric method and geochemical modellingˮ, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, Vol. 1, pp. 135–145, 2015.
40. [42]. Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR). Official Gazette Date/Number: 10.08.2016/29797.
41. [43]. M. Ali, L. Ali, S. Islam, Z. Rahman, “Preliminary assesment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladeshˮ, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, Vol. 5, pp. 27–35, 2016.
42. [44]. WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
43. [45]. Y. Anteneh, G. Zeleke, E. Gebremariam, “AsseSSent of surface water quality in Legedadie and Dire catchmentsˮ, Acta Ecologica Sinica,Vol. 38, pp. 81-95, 2018.
44. [46]. K. Wayland, D. Long, D. Hyndman, B. Pijanowski, S. Woodhams, K. Haack, “Identifying relationships between Baseflow geochemistry and land use with synopticsampling and R-mode factor analysisˮ, Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 32, pp. 180, 2003.
45. [47]. S. Varol, A. Davraz, “Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: a case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/ Turkey)ˮ, Environmental Earth Sciences. Vol. 73, pp. 1725–1744, 2015.
46. [48]. O. Minareci, M. Ozturk, O. Egemen, E. Minareci, “Detergent and phosphate pollution in Gediz River, Turkeyˮ, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8 (15), pp. 3568–3575, 2009.
47. [49]. J.D. Pérez-Gutiérrez, J.O. Paz, M.L.M. Tagert, “Seasonal water quality changes in on-farm water storage systems in a south-central U.S. agricultural watershedˮ, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 187, pp. 131–139, 2017.
48. [50]. Blanco, H. and Lal, R., Eds. Principles of Soil Conservation and Management. Springer, New York.2008.
49. [51]. C.J. Mikan, J.P. Schimel, A.P. Doyle, “Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra soils above and below freezingˮ, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 34 (11), pp. 1785–1795, 2002.
50. [52]. G. Xu, P. Li, K. Lu, Z. Tantai, j. Zhang, Z. Ren, X. Wang, K. Yu, P. Shi, Y. Cheng, “Seasonal changes in water quality and its main influencing factors in the Dan River basinˮ, Catena, Vol. 173, pp.131-140, 2019.
51. [53]. A. Chinyama, R. Ncube, W. Ela, “Critical pollution levels in Umguza River, Zimbabweˮ, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 93, pp.76-83, 2016.
52. [54]. S.A.M. Ali, T.W. Hsiang, R. Tair, A.A. Naser, F. Sualin, F. “Surface sediment analysis on heavy metals in coastal area of Ums – Tuaran, Sabah", Borneo Science, Vol. 34, pp. 6–10, 2014.
53. [55]. C.J. Hwang, S. Krasner, M. Sclimenti. Polar NOM: characterization, DBPs, treatment. American Water Works Association. 2002.
54. [56]. N. Ibrahim, H.A. Aziz, “Trends on Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water Sources and its Treatmentˮ, International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, Vol.2(3), pp. 94-106, 2014.
55. [57]. B. A. Berhe, M. Çelik, U. E. Dokuz, “Investıgatıon of irrıgation water quality of surface and groundwater in the Kutahya plain, Turkeyˮ, Journal of Mineral Research and Exploration, Vol.150, pp. 147-163, 2015.
56. [58]. E.K. Maskooni, M. Naseri-Rad, R. Berndtsson, K. Nakagawa, “Use of heavy metal content and modified water quality index to assess groundwater quality in a semiarid areaˮ, Water, Vol. 12, pp. 1115, 2020.
57. [59]. A.D. Demir, Ü. Şahin, Y. Demir, “Trend Analysis and Agricultural Perspective Availability of Water Quality Parameters at Murat Riverˮ, Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 26, pp. 414-420, 2016.
58. [60]. E.B. Kapdı, B.B. Aşık, “Evaluation of Irrigation Pond Water in Terms of Surface Water Quality and Irrigation Water Quality; Sample of Güllübağ Pond in Usak Provinceˮ. Journal of Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 52 – 69, 2021.
59. [61]. S.V. Sarath Prasanth, N.S. Magesh, K.V. Jitheshlal, N. Chandrasekar, K. Gangadhar, “Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha District, Kerala, Indiaˮ, Applied Water Science, Vol. 2 pp.165–175, 2012.
60. [62]. C.A. Vishwakarma, R. Sen, N. Singh, P. Singh, V. Rena, K. Rina and S. Mukherjee, “Geochemical Characterization and Controlling Factors of Chemical Composition of Spring Water in a Part of Eastern Himalayaˮ, Journal Geological Society of India, Vol. 92, pp.753-763, 2018.
61. [63]. J. Wu, H. Zhou, S. He, Y. Zhang, “Comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural purposes in terms of health risks in a coal mine area of the Ordos basin, north of the Chinese Loess Plateauˮ, Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 78 (15), pp. 446, 2019.