Appraisal of reclaimed asphalt pavement as coarse aggregates in cement concrete

Abstract

This systematic literature review evaluates reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in concrete construction, targeting reduced natural aggregate use and lower construction carbon footprint. It comprehensively covers RAP in concrete, including mechanical properties, durability, test methods, mix design, performance, influencing factors, RAP content, processing, admixtures, curing, and environmental aspects. RAP concrete matches traditional concrete mechanically while increasing sustainability through waste reduction. Durability parameters, like permeability, freeze-thaw resistance, and chloride penetration, suggest long-term structural enhancement. Reliable testing methods and standards are vital for RAP in concrete assessment. The review explores RAP in mix design, considering content, gradation, and processing. Admixtures and additives optimize RAP concrete. Curing and environmental conditions influence RAP concrete performance. Gaps indicate a need for long-term studies, understanding mechanisms, specific environmental exploration, standardized testing, and economic assessment. The study recommends future research directions to guide sustainable construction practices.

Keywords

• Concrete construction
• coarse aggregates
• mechanical properties
• performance evaluation
• reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)

References

1. F. Palise, “Performance Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a Dense Graded Aggregate Base Course (DGABC),” 1994.
2. M. Wu, “Evaluation of High Percentage Recycled Asphalt Pavement as Base Course Materials,” 2011.
3. D. Jua, “An Evaluation of Heated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Material and Wax Modified Asphalt for Use in Recycled Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA),” 2007.
4. A. K. Mukhopadhyay and X. Shi, “Validation of RAP And/or RAS in Hydraulic Cement Concrete,” 2017.
5. K. Babaei, “Evaluation of the Performance of Cold-Mix Recycled Asphalt Concrete Pavement in Washington,” 1989.
6. C. L. Monismith, R. B. Leahy, and J. A. Epps, “Asphalt Paving Technology,” McGraw-Hill Companies, 1997.
7. A. Gomes Correia, M. G. Winter, and A. J. Puppala, “A review of sustainable approaches in transport infrastructure geotechnics,” Transportation Geotechnics, Vol. 7, pp. 21–28, 2016. [CrossRef]
8. F. G. Praticò, R. Vaiana, and M. Giunta, “Pavement Sustainability: Permeable Wearing Courses by Recycling Porous European Mixes,” Journal of Architectural Engineering, Vol. 19(3), pp. 186–192, 2013. [CrossRef]

9. Y. Qiao, A. R. Dawson, T. Parry, G. Flintsch, and W. Wang, “Flexible Pavements and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Review and Implications,” Sustainability, Vol. 12(3), 2020. [CrossRef]
10. S. Bressi, A. G. Dumont, and M. N. Partl, “A new laboratory methodology for optimization of mixture design of asphalt concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement material,” Materials and Structures, Vol. 49(12), pp. 4975–4990, 2016. [CrossRef]
11. B. T. Cox, and I. L. Howard, “Cold In-Place Recycling Characterization for Single-Component or Multiple-Component Binder Systems,” 2016. [CrossRef]
12. C. Villiers, Y. Mehta, M. Tia, R. Roque, and B. Dietrich, “The importance of mineral filler on construction specifications,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 9(5), pp. 343–353, 2008. [CrossRef]
13. B. T. Cox and I. L. Howard, “Merits of Asphalt Concrete Durability and Performance Tests When Applied to Cold In-Place Recycling,” 2015. [CrossRef]
14. M. Berry, J. Stephens, and B. Bermel, “Feasibility of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement as Aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete,” 2013.
15. C. Raab, “Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements--Mairepav9,” Springer, 2020. [CrossRef]
16. S. Amziane, F. Collet, and Springerlink (Online Service), “Bio-Aggregates Based Building Materials: State-of-The-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 236–BBM,” Springer Netherlands, 2017. [CrossRef]
17. A. Mohammadinia, A. Arulrajah, J. Sanjayan, M. M. Disfani, M. W. Bo, and S. Darmawan, “Laboratory evaluation of the use of cement-treated construction and demolition materials in pavement base and subbase applications,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(6), Article 04014186, 2015.
18. M. Tao, and R. B. Mallick, “Effects of warm-mix asphalt additives on workability and mechanical properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement material,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2126(1), pp. 151–160, 2009. [CrossRef]
19. J. Montañez, S. Caro, D. Carrizosa, A. Calvo, and X. Sánchez, “Variability of the mechanical properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) obtained from different sources,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 230, Article 116968, 2020. [CrossRef]
20. X. Yu, M. Zaumanis, S. dos Santos, and L. D. Poulikakos, “Rheological, microscopic, and chemical characterization of the rejuvenating effect on asphalt binders,” Fuel, Vol. 135, pp. 162–171, 2014. [CrossRef]
21. A. Behnood, “Application of rejuvenators to improve the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders and mixtures: A review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 231, pp. 171–182, 2019. [CrossRef]
22. G. Valdés, F. Pérez-Jiménez, R. Miró, A. Martínez, and R. Botella, “Experimental study of recycled asphalt mixtures with high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP),” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25(3), pp. 1289–1297, 2011. [CrossRef]
23. L. D. Poulikakos, S. dos Santos, M. Bueno, S. Kuentzel, M. Hugener, and M. N. Partl, “Influence of short and long term aging on chemical, microstructural and macro-mechanical properties of recycled asphalt mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 51, pp. 414–423, 2014. [CrossRef]
24. C. Plati, M. Tsakoumaki, and K. Gkyrtis, “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Incorporated into Unbound Pavement Layers,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13(1), Article 362, 2022. [CrossRef]
25. M. C. Cavalli, M. Zaumanis, E. Mazza, M. N. Partl, and L. D. Poulikakos, “Effect of ageing on the mechanical and chemical properties of binder from RAP treated with bio-based rejuvenators,” Composites Part B-engineering, Vol. 141, pp. 174–181, 2018. [CrossRef]
26. I. Widyatmoko, “Mechanistic-empirical mixture design for hot mix asphalt pavement recycling,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22(2), pp. 77–87, 2008. [CrossRef]
27. S. W. Goh, and Z. You, “Mechanical Properties of Porous Asphalt Pavement Materials with Warm Mix Asphalt and RAP,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 138(1), pp. 90–97, 2012. [CrossRef]
28. M. Ameri, and A. Behnood, “Laboratory studies to investigate the properties of CIR mixes containing steel slag as a substitute for virgin aggregates,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 26(1), pp. 475–480, 2012. [CrossRef]
29. S. N. Nahar, M. Mohajeri, A. J. M. Schmets, A. Scarpas, M. F. C. van de Ven, and G. Schitter, “First observation of blending-zone morphology at interface of reclaimed asphalt binder and virgin bitumen,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2370(1), pp. 1–9, 2013. [CrossRef]
30. M. Fakhri and E. Amoosoltani, “The effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and crumb rubber on mechanical properties of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 137, pp. 470–484, 2017. [CrossRef]
31. H. M. R. D. Silva, J. R. M. Oliveira, and C. M. G. Jesus, “Are totally recycled hot mix asphalts a sustainable alternative for road paving?” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 60, pp. 38–48, 2012. [CrossRef]
32. I. Widyatmoko, “Mechanistic-empirical mixture design for hot mix asphalt pavement recycling,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22(2), pp. 77–87, 2008. [CrossRef]
33. Z. Leng, A. Sreeram, R. K. Padhan, Z. Tan, “Value-added application of waste PET based additives in bituminous mixtures containing high percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP),” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 196, pp. 615–625, 2018. [CrossRef]
34. S. Im, F. Zhou, R. Lee, and T. Scullion, “Impacts of rejuvenators on performance and engineering properties of asphalt mixtures containing recycled materials,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 53, pp. 596–603, 2014. [CrossRef]
35. M. Elkashef and R. C. Williams, “Improving fatigue and low temperature performance of 100% RAP mixtures using a soybean-derived rejuvenator,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 151, pp. 345–352, 2017. [CrossRef]
36. S. Singh, G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar, “An economical processing technique to improve RAP inclusive concrete properties,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 148, pp. 734–747, 2017. [CrossRef]
37. A. Mohammadinia, A. Arulrajah, S. Horpibulsuk, and A. Chinkulkijniwat, “Effect of fly ash on properties of crushed brick and reclaimed asphalt in pavement base/subbase applications,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 321, pp. 547–556, 2017. [CrossRef]
38. F. Yin, F. Kaseer, E. Arámbula-Mercado, and A. Epps Martin, “Characterising the long-term rejuvenating effectiveness of recycling agents on asphalt blends and mixtures with high RAP and RAS contents,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 18(Supp 4), pp. 273–292, 2017. [CrossRef]
39. S. Guthrie, D. A. Cooley, and D. L. Eggett, “Effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement on mechanical properties of base materials,” Sage, Vol. 2005(1), pp. 44–52. 2007, [CrossRef]
40. S. Debbarma, M. Selvam, and S. Singh, “Can flexible pavements’ waste (RAP) be utilized in cement concrete pavements? – A critical review,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 259, Article 120417, 2020. [CrossRef]
41. B. J. Kwon, D. Kim, S. K. Rhee, and Y. R. Kim, “Spray injection patching for pothole repair using 100 percent reclaimed asphalt pavement,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 166, pp. 445–451, 2018. [CrossRef]
42. R. C. West, J. R. Willis, and M. O. Marasteanu, “Improved mix design, evaluation, and materials management practices for hot mix asphalt with high reclaimed asphalt pavement content,” Transportation Research Board, 2013.
43. R. F. Bonaquist, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board, American Association Of State Highway And Transportation Officials, Advanced Asphalt Technologies, Llc, United States. Federal Highway Administration, “Mix Design Practices for Warm Mix Asphalt,” Transportation Research Board, 2011. [CrossRef]
44. Zofka, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board, Second Strategic Highway Research Program (U.S.), “Evaluating Applications of Field Spectroscopy Devices to Fingerprint Commonly Used Construction Materials,” Transportation Research Board, 2013. [CrossRef]
45. Z. You, Q. Dai, and F. Xiao, “Advanced Asphalt Materials and Paving Technologies,” MDPI, 2018. [CrossRef]
46. R. McDaniel, “Recommended use of reclaimed asphalt pavement in the superpave mix design method,” 2001.
47. N. Sabahfar, “Use of high-volume reclaimed asphalt pavement (rap) for asphalt pavement rehabilitation,” 2012.
48. Asphalt Institute, “Superpave Mix Design,” Asphalt Institute, 2001.
49. H. “David” Lee, C. Van Winkle, and R. Carlson, “Development of Quality Standards for Inclusion of High Recycled Asphalt Pavement Content in Asphalt Mixtures,” 2015.
50. P. Chavez, “Impact of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Asphalt Concrete Mixes Used for Airfield Pavement,” 2016.
51. M. N. Partl, L. Porot, H. Di Benedetto, F. Canestrari, P. Marsac, and G. Tebaldi, “Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems: State-of-The-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 237-SIB,” Springer, 2018. [CrossRef]
52. A. Arulrajah, J. Piratheepan, M. M. Disfani, and M. W. Bo, “Geotechnical and geoenvironmental properties of recycled construction and demolition materials in pavement subbase applications,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 25(8), pp. 1077–1088, 2013.
53. M. T. Tiza, “Effect of Thermal Variances on Flexible Pavements,” Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Vol. 7(3), pp. 220–230, 2022. [CrossRef]
54. T. Edil, “Monitoring and Evaluation of Fly Ash Stabilization Stabilized Subgrade Constructed by the WisDOT,” 2010.
55. D. H. Timm, B. K. Diefenderfer, and B. F. Bowers, “Cold central plant recycled asphalt pavements in high traffic applications,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2672(40), pp. 291–303, 2018.
56. J. D. Doyle, “Characterization of Reclaimed Asphalt and Performance Based Evaluation of Its Use in Recycled Mixtures,” 2011.
57. M. T. Tiza, “Integrating Sustainability into Civil Engineering and the Construction Industry,” Journal of Cement Based Composites, Vol. 4(1), pp. 1–11, 2023. [CrossRef]
58. H. Ye, “Innovative Evaluation of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (Rap) Use in Slurry Seal Applications,” 2021.
59. M. N. Partl, L. Porot, H. Di Benedetto, F. Canestrari, P. Marsac, and G. Tebaldi, “Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems: State-of-The-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 237-SIB,” Springer, 2018. [CrossRef]
60. M. Tiza, “Sustainability in the civil engineering and construction industry: A review,” Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Vol. 7(1), pp. 3039, 2022. [CrossRef]
61. M. T. Tiza, K. Jirgba, H. A. Sani, T. Sesugh, “Effect of thermal variances on flexible pavements,” Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Vol. 7(3), pp. 220230, 2022. [CrossRef]
62. W. G. Whitcomb, R. G. Hicks, and S. J. Escobar, “Evaluation of a Unified Design for Asphalt Recycling by Means of Dynamic and Fatigue Testing,” 1981.
63. S. Erkens, X. Liu, A. Kumar, Y. Tan, “Functional Pavement Design,” CRC Press, 2016. [CrossRef]
64. P. Pathak, and P. R. Rout, “Urban Mining for Waste Management and Resource Recovery,” CRC Press, 2021. [CrossRef]
65. G. R. Woolley, J. J. J. M. Goumans, P. J. Wainwright, “Waste Materials in Construction,” Elsevier, 2000.
66. X. D. Zhang, B. Zhang, L. Z. Jiang, M. W. Xie, “Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering,” Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2013. [CrossRef]
67. P. H. Emmons, and A. M. Vaysburd, “Performance Criteria for Concrete Repair Materials,” 1995.
68. J. T. John, United States. Federal Highway Administration, Iowa State University. National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, “Sustainable Concrete Pavements: A Manual of Practice,” National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, 2012.
69. A. Kumar, A. T. Bhasin, A. T. Papagiannakis, and D. Little, “Advances in Materials and Pavement Prediction II Contributions to the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction (AM3P 2020), 27-29 May 2020, San Antonio, TX, USA,” CRC Press, 2020. [CrossRef]
70. N. J. Delatte, “Concrete pavement design, construction, and performance,” CRC Press, 2014. [CrossRef]
71. Nikolaides, “Highway engineering,” CRC Press, 2014. [CrossRef]
72. K. R. Reddy, R. K. Pancharathi, N. G. Reddy, S. R. Arukala, “Advances in Sustainable Materials and Resilient Infrastructure,” Springer, 2022. [CrossRef]
73. M. Arshad, and M. F. Ahmed, “Potential use of reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregate in base/subbase layers of flexible pavements,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 151, pp. 83–97.
74. M. T. Tiza, O. Mogbo, S. K. Singh, N. Shaik, and M. P. Shettar, “Bituminous pavement sustainability improvement strategies,” Energy Nexus, Vol. 6, 2022. [CrossRef]
75. T. Michael, “Characterization of reclaimed asphalt pavement and optimization in polymer modified asphalt blends: A review,” CEBEL, Vol. 2(2), pp. 27–34, 2021. [CrossRef]
76. Z. You, J. Mills-Beale, E. Fini, S. W. Goh, and B. Colbert, “Evaluation of low-temperature binder properties of warm-mix asphalt, extracted and recovered RAP and RAS, and bioasphalt,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 23(11), pp. 1569–1574, 2011. [CrossRef]
77. L. R. Hoyos, A. J. Puppala, C. A. Ordonez, “Characterization of cement-fiber-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates: preliminary investigation,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 23(7), pp. 977–989, 2011. [CrossRef]
78. Y. Kim, and H. Lee, “Development of Mix Design Procedure for Cold In-Place Recycling with Foamed Asphalt,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 18(1), pp. 116–124, 2006. [CrossRef]
79. J. Turk, A. Mauko Pranjić, A. Mladenovič, Z. Cotič, and P. Jurjavčič, “Environmental comparison of two alternative road pavement rehabilitation techniques: cold-in-place-recycling versus traditional reconstruction,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 121, pp. 45–55, 2016. [CrossRef]
80. A. J. Puppala, S. Saride, and R. Williammee, “Sustainable Reuse of Limestone Quarry Fines and RAP in Pavement Base/Subbase Layers,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24(4), pp. 418–429, 2012. [CrossRef]
81. A. Bonicelli, P. Calvi, G. Martinez-Arguelles, L. Fuentes, and F. Giustozzi, “Experimental study on the use of rejuvenators and plastomeric polymers for improving durability of high RAP content asphalt mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 155, pp. 37–44, 2017. [CrossRef]
82. D. Lo Presti, K. Vasconcelos, M. Orešković, G. M. Pires, and S. Bressi, “On the degree of binder activity of reclaimed asphalt and degree of blending with recycling agents,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 21(8), pp. 2071–2090, 2019. [CrossRef]
83. R. Ghabchi, D. Singh, and M. Zaman, “Laboratory evaluation of stiffness, low-temperature cracking, rutting, moisture damage, and fatigue performance of WMA mixes,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 16(2), pp. 334–357, 2015. [CrossRef]
84. S. Saride, A. J. Puppala, and R. Williammee, “Assessing recycled/secondary materials as pavement bases,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, Vol. 163(1), pp. 3–12, 2010. [CrossRef]
85. A. Ameli, R. Babagoli, and M. Aghapour, “Laboratory evaluation of the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on rutting performance of rubberized asphalt mixtures,” Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 34(5), pp. 449–453, 2016. [CrossRef]
86. S. Adhikari, M. J. Khattak, and B. Adhikari, “Mechanical characteristics of Soil-RAP-Geopolymer mixtures for road base and subbase layers,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 21(4), pp. 483–496, 2018. [CrossRef]
87. R. Taha, A. Al-Harthy, K. Al-Shamsi, and M. Al-Zubeidi, “Cement Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate for Road Bases and Subbases,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 14(3), pp. 239–245, 2002. [CrossRef]
88. A. Mohammadinia, A. Arulrajah, J. Sanjayan, M. M. Disfani, M. W. Bo, and S. Darmawan, “Laboratory evaluation of the use of cement-treated construction and demolition materials in pavement base and subbase applications,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 27(6), 2015. [CrossRef]
89. A. Modarres, and Z. Hosseini, “Mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete containing rice husk ash with original and recycled asphalt pavement material,” Materials & Design, Vol. 64, pp. 227–236, 2014. [CrossRef]
90. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and M. Heitzman, “Validation of new mix design procedure for cold in-place recycling with foamed asphalt,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19(11), pp. 1000–1010, 2007. [CrossRef]
91. Yan, W. Huang, and Q. Lv, “Study on bond properties between RAP aggregates and virgin asphalt using Binder Bond Strength test and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 124, pp. 1–10, 2016. [CrossRef]
92. S. Al-Oraimi, F. H. Hassan, and A. Hago, “Recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement in portland cement concrete,” The Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 6(1), 2009. [CrossRef]
93. W. Fedrigo, W. P. Núñez, M. A. Castañeda López, T. R. Kleinert, and J. A. P. Ceratti, “A study on the resilient modulus of cement-treated mixtures of RAP and aggregates using indirect tensile, triaxial and flexural tests,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 171, 2018. [CrossRef]
94. S. Zulakmal, N. A. Aziz, M. M. Khalid, H. M. Zain, M. R. Hainin, and E. A. Oluwasola, “Influence of active filler, curing time and moisture content on the strength properties of emulsion and foamed bitumen stabilized mix,” 2014.
95. M. R. Hainin, M. Y. Matori, and O. E. Akin, Evaluation of factors influencing strength of foamed bitumen stabilised mix. Jurnal Teknologi, 70(4), 2014.
96. Wang, S. Shen, X. Li, and B. Song, “Micro-surfacing mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement: Mix design and performance evaluation,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 201, pp. 303–313, 2019. [CrossRef]