Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean

D. Deniz Genç Tokgöz

doi:10.35208/ert.1548914

Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract

Size-resolved PM10 samples (PM10-2.5 and PM2.5) were collected at a rural site located in the northeastern Mediterranean between August 2010 and April 2013. A total of 461 PM10 aerosol samples (461 PM2.5 and 461 PM10-2.5) were analysed for major and trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Ba and Pb) and anions (Cl-, NO3- and SO42-). Crustal elements and sea salt particles were found to be mainly associated with the coarse fraction (>60%), whereas SO42- and NO3- were predominantly found in the fine mode (>80%). The crustal originated species exhibited very strong correlations (r>0.9) in the coarse fraction and PM10, while their correlations were slightly lower in the fine fraction (0.5< r < 0.8). Concentrations of most aerosol species exhibited well-defined seasonal variation with higher concentrations in summer than winter. The difference between summer and winter concentrations were not significant for As, Ca, Cr, Pb and NO3-. During the sampling period, 11 specific Saharan dust events were identified.

Keywords

References

WHO, “Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution-REVIHAAP Project: Technical Report”, Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2013.
IPCC, “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis”, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2013.
A. Bytnerowicz, K. Omasa, and E. Paoletti, “Integrated Effects of Air Pollution and Climate Change on Forests: A Northern Hemisphere Perspective”, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 147 (3), pp. 438-445, 2007.
J.G.Watson, “Visibility: Science and Regulation”, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 52 (6), pp. 628-713, 2002.
J.Watt, J.Tidblad, V. Kucera, and R. Hamilton. The Effects of Air Pollution on Cultural Heritage, 1st ed., Springer, 2009.
G. Kallos, M. Astitha, P. Katsafados, and C. Spyrou, “Long-Range Transport of Anthropogenically and Naturally Produced Particulate Matter in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic: Current State of Knowledge”, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 46 (8), pp. 1230-1251, 2007.
J. Lelieveld, H. Berresheim, S. Borrmann, P.J. Crutzen, F.J. Dentener, H. Fischer, J. Feichter, P.J. Flatau, J. Heland, R. Holzinger, R. Korrmann, M.G. Lawrence, Z. Levin, K.M. Markowicz, N. Mihalopoulos, A. Minikin, V. Ramanathan, M. De Reus, G.J. Roelofs, H.A. Scheeren, J. Sciare, H. Schlager, M. Schultz, P. Siegmund, B. Steil, E.G. Stephanou, P. Stier, M. Traub, C. Warneke, J. Williams, and H. Ziereis, “Global Air Pollution Crossroads over the Mediterranean”, Science, Vol. 298 (5594), pp. 794-799, 2002.
X. Querol, A. Alastuey, J. Pey, M. Cusack, N. Pérez, N. Mihalopoulos, C. Theodosi, E. Gerasopoulos, N. Kubilay, and M. Koçak, “Variability in Regional Background Aerosols within the Mediterranean”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9 (14), pp. 4575-4591, 2009.

E. Athanasopoulou, A. Protonotariou, G. Papangelis, M. Tombrou, N. Mihalopoulos, and E. Gerasopoulos, “Long-range Transport of Saharan Dust and Chemical Transformations over the Eastern Mediterranean”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 140, pp. 592-604, 2016.
J.C. Cerro, V. Cerdà, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, C. Bujosa, and J. Pey, “Variability of Air Pollutants, and PM Composition and Sources at a Regional Background Site in the Balearic Islands: Review of Western Mediterranean Phenomenology from a 3-Year Study”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol.717, 2020.
U. Dayan, P. Ricaud, R. Zbinden, and F. Dulac, “Atmospheric Pollution over the Eastern Mediterranean During Summer - A Review ”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol.17 (21), pp. 13233-13263, 2017.
M.S. Erduran, and S.G. Tuncel, “Sampling and Analysis of Gaseous Pollutants and Related Particulate Matter in a Mediterranean Site: Antalya-Turkey”, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 3 (6),pp. 661-665, 2001.
N. Galindo, E. Yubero, Á. Clemente, J.F. Nicolás, M. Varea, and J. Crespo, “PM Events and Changes in the Chemical Composition of Urban Aerosols: A Case Study in the Western Mediterranean”, Chemosphere, Vol. 244, 2020.
N. Galindo, and E. Yubero, “Day-night Variability of Water-Soluble Ions in PM10 Samples Collected at a Traffic Site in Southeastern Spain”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 24 (1), pp. 805-812, 2017.
G. Gullu, G. Dogan, and G. Tuncel, “ Atmospheric Trace Element and Major Ion Concentrations over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Identification of Anthropogenic Source Regions”. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 39 (34), pp. 6376-6387, 2005.
L.E. Heimbürger, C. Migon, A. Dufour, J.F. Chiffoleau, and D. Cossa, “ Trace Metal Concentrations in the North-Western Mediterranean Atmospheric Aerosol between 1986 and 2008: Seasonal Patterns and Decadal Trends”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 408 (13), pp. 2629-2638, 2010.
M. Kocak, N. Mihalopoulos, and N. Kubilay, “Chemical Composition of the Fine and Coarse Fraction of Aerosols in the Northeastern Mediterranean”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol 41 (34), pp. 7351-7368, 2007.
E. Koulouri, S. Saarikoski, C. Theodosi, Z. Markaki, E. Gerasopoulos, G. Kouvarakis, T. Mäkelä, R. Hillamo, and N. Mihalopoulos, “Chemical Composition and Sources of Fine and Coarse Aerosol Particles in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42 (26), pp. 6542-6550, 2008.
F. Öztürk, A. Zararsız, V.A. Dutkiewicz, L. Husain, P.K. Hopke, and G. Tuncel, “ Temporal Variations and Sources of Eastern Mediterranean Aerosols Based on a 9-Year Observation”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 61, pp. 463-475, 2012.
D. Paraskevopoulou, E. Liakakou, E. Gerasopoulos, and N. Mihalopoulos, “Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol from Long-Term Measurements (5 Years) of Chemical Composition in Athens, Greece”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 527, pp. 165-178, 2015.
M.R. Perrone, A. Turnone, A. Buccolieri, and G. Buccolieri, “ Particulate Matter Characterization at a Coastal Site in South-Eastern Italy”, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 8 (1), pp. 183-190, 2006.
J. Pey, X. Querol, and A. Alastuey,” Variations of Levels and Composition of PM10 and PM2.5 at an Insular Site in the Western Mediterranean”, Atmospheric Research, Vol. 94 (2), pp. 285-299, 2009.
E. Remoundaki, A. Bourliva, P. Kokkalis, R.E. Mamouri, A. Papayannis, T. Grigoratos, C. Samara, and M. Tsezos, “PM(10) Composition During an Intense Saharan Dust Transport Event over Athens (Greece)”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 409 (20), pp. 4361-4372, 2011.
S. Rodriguez, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, and F. Plana, “ Sources and Processes Affecting Levels and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol in the Western Mediterranean”, Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmospheres, Vol. 107 (D24), 2002.
D. Salameh, A. Detournay, J. Pey, N. Pérez, F. Liguori, D. Saraga, M.C. Bove, P. Brotto, F. Cassola, D. Massabò, A. Latella, S. Pillon, G. Formenton, S. Patti, A. Armengaud, D. Piga, J. L. Jaffrezo, J. Bartzis, E. Tolis, P. Prati, X. Querol, H. Wortham, and N. Marchand, “PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Five European Mediterranean Cities: A 1-Year Study”, Atmospheric Research, Vol. 155, pp. 102-117, 2015.
N.A. Saliba, and R. Massoud, “ A Comparative Review of PM Levels, Sources, and Their Likely Fates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region”, in Environmental Science and Engineering (Subseries: Environmental Science), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 3-17, 2011.
F. Sprovieri, M. Bencardino, F. Cofone, and N. Pirrone, “Chemical Composition of Aerosol Size Fractions at a Coastal Site in Southwestern Italy: Seasonal Variability and Transport Influence”, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 61 (9), pp. 941-951, 2011.
C. Theodosi, G. Grivas, P. Zarmpas, A. Chaloulakou, and N. Mihalopoulos, “Mass and Chemical Composition of Size-Segregated Aerosols (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) over Athens, Greece: Local versus Regional Sources”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11 (22), pp. 11895-11911, 2011.
P.K. Hopke, Y. Xie, T. Raunemaa, S. Biegalski, S. Landsberger, W. Maenhaut, P. Artaxo, and D. Cohen, “Characterization of the Gent Stacked Filter Unit PM10 Sampler”, Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 27 (6), pp. 726-735, 1997.
D. D. G. Tokgöz, G. Dogan, A.I. Ilhan, T. Balta, and G. Tuncel, “Ionic Composition of Aerosols at Northwestern Turkey”, International Journal of Global Warming, Vol. 7 (2), pp. 161-172, 2015.
N., Guvenç, O. Alagha, and G. Tuncel, “Investigation of Soil Multi-Element Composition in Antalya, Turkey”, Environment International, Vol. 29 (5), pp. 631-640, 2003.
E. Kuloglu, and G. Tuncel, “Size Distribution of Trace Elements and Major Ions in the Eastern Mediterranean Atmosphere ”, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 167(1-4), pp. 221-241, 2005.
T.W. Andreae, M.O. Andreae, C. Ichoku, W. Maenhaut, J. Cafmeyer, A. Karnieli, and L. Orlovsky, “Light Scattering by Dust and Anthropogenic Aerosol at a Remote Site in the Negev Desert, Israel”, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, Vol. 107(D2), pp. AAC 3-1-AAC 33-18, 2002.
N. Galindo, J. Gil-Moltó, M. Varea, C. Chofre, and E. Yubero, “Seasonal and Interannual Trends in PM Levels and Associated Inorganic Ions in Southeastern Spain”, Microchemical Journal, Vol. 110, pp. 81-88, 2013.
A.M. Jones, and R.M. Harrison, “Temporal Trends in Sulphate Concentrations at European Sites and Relationships to Sulphur Dioxide”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 45 (4), pp. 873-882. 2011.
[36]. Y. S. Tang, C. F. Braban, U. Dragosits, I. Simmons, D. Leaver, N. van Dijk, J. Poskitt, S. Thacker, M. Patel, H. Carter, M. G. Pereira, P. O. Keenan, A. Lawlor, C. Conolly, K. Vincent, M. R. Heal, and M. A. Sutton, “Acid Gases and Aerosol Measurements in the UK (1999-2015): Regional Distributions and Trends”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics., Vol. 18 (22), pp. 16293-16324, 2018.
M. A. Revuelta, R.M. Harrison, L. Núñez, F.J. Gomez-Moreno, M. Pujadas, and B. Artíñano, “Comparison of Temporal Features of Sulphate and Nitrate at Urban and Rural Sites in Spain and the UK”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 60, pp. 383-391, 2012.
I.A. Mian, S. Begum, M. Riaz, M. Ridealgh, C.J. McClean, and M.S.Cresser, “Spatial and Temporal Trends in Nitrate Concentrations in the River Derwent, North Yorkshire, and Its Need for NVZ Status”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 408 (4), pp. 702-712, 2010.
T.F. Berglen, G. Myhre, I.S.A. Isaksen, V. Vestreng, and S.J. Smith, “Sulphate Trends in Europe: Are we Able to Model the Recent Observed Decrease”, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 59 (4), pp. 773-786, 2007.
H. Fagerli, M. Legrand, S. Preunkert, V. Vestreng, D. Simpson, and M. Cerqueira, “Modeling Historical Long-term Trends of Sulfate, Ammonium, and Elemental Carbon over Europe: A Comparison with Ice Core Records in the Alps”, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, Vol. 112 (D23), 2007.
G.H. Gullu, I. Olmez, S. Aygun, and G. Tuncel, “Atmospheric Trace Element Concentrations Over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Factors Affecting Temporal Variability”, Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmospheres, Vol. 103 (D17), pp.21943-21954, 1998.
F. Öztürk, and M. Keleş, “Wintertime Chemical Compositions of Coarse and Fine Fractions of Particulate Matter in Bolu, Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23 (14), pp. 14157-14172, 2016.
A.M. Tepe, and G. Doğan, “Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 Samples Collected in Urban Site in Mediterranean Coast of Turkey”, Atmospheric Pollution Research, Vol. 12 (1), pp. 46-59, 2021.
R. Chester, and J.H. Stoner, “Pb in Particulates from the Lower Atmosphere of the Eastern Atlantic”, Nature, Vol. 245 (5419), pp. 27-28, 1973.
W.H. Zoller, E.S. Gladney, and R.A. Duce, “Atmospheric Concentrations and Sources of Trace Metals at the South Pole”, Science, Vol. 183 (4121), pp. 198-200, 1974.
B. Mason, and C.B. Moore. Principles of Geochemistry. 4th ed., New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1982.
I.F. Al-Momani, S. Aygun, and G. Tuncel, “Wet Deposition of Major Ions and Trace Elements in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin”, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, Vol. 103 (D7), pp. 8287-8299, 1998.
N. Kubilay, and A. C. Saydam, “Trace Elements in Atmospheric Particulates Over the Eastern Mediterranean; Concentrations, Sources, and Temporal Variability”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 29 (17), 2289-2300, 1995.
S. Loranger, J. Zayed, and G. Kennedy, “Contribution of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) to Atmospheric Mn Concentration Near Expressway: Dispersion Modeling Estimations”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 29 (5), 591-599, 1995.
E. Adamiec, E. Jarosz-Krzemińska, and R. Wieszała, “Heavy Metals From Non-Exhaust Vehicle Emissions in Urban and Motorway Road Dusts”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 188 (6), 2016.
M. Viana, T.A.J. Kuhlbusch, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, R.M. Harrison, P.K. Hopke, W. Winiwarter, M. Vallius, S. Szidat, A.S.H. Prévôt, C. Hueglin, H. Bloemen, P. Wåhlin, R. Vecchi, A.I. Miranda, A. Kasper-Giebl, W. Maenhaut, and R. Hitzenberger, “Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in Europe: A Review of Methods and Results”, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 39 (10), pp. 827-849, 2008.
M. Pandolfi, Y. Gonzalez-Castanedo, A. Alastuey, J.D. de la Rosa, E. Mantilla, A.S. de la Campa, X. Querol, J. Pey, F. Amato, and T. Moreno, “Source Apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at Multiple Sites in the Strait of Gibraltar by PMF: Impact of Shipping Emissions”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 18 (2), 260-269, 2011.
J.M. Pacyna, and E.G. Pacyna, “An Assessment of Global and Regional Emissions of Trace Metals to the Atmosphere from Anthropogenic Sources Worldwide”, Environmental Reviews, Vol. 9 (4), pp. 269-298, 2001.
M. Albuquerque, M. Coutinho, J. Rodrigues, J. Ginja, and C. Borrego, “Long-Term Monitoring of Trace Metals in PM10 and Total Gaseous Mercury in the Atmosphere of Porto, Portugal”, Atmospheric Pollution Research, Vol. 8 (3), 535-544, 2017.
M. Kocak, N. Kubilay, and N. Mihalopoulos, “Ionic Composition of Lower Tropospheric Aerosols at a Northeastern Mediterranean Site: Implications Regarding Sources and Long-Range Transport”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38 (14), 2067-2077, 2004.
J. Duan, and J. Tan, “Atmospheric Heavy Metals and Arsenic in China: Situation, Sources and Control Policies”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 74, pp. 93-101, 2013.
D.D. Genc, C. Yesilyurt, and G. Tuncel, “Air Pollution Forecasting in Ankara, Turkey Using Air Pollution Index and Its Relation to Assimilative Capacity of the Atmosphere”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol.166 (1-4), 11-27, 2010.
H. Z. Tian, Y. Wang, Z. G. Xue, K. Cheng, Y. P. Qu, F. H. Chai, and J. M. Hao, “Trend and Characteristics of Atmospheric Emissions of Hg, As, and Se From Coal Combustion in China, 1980-2007”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10 (23), pp. 11905-11919, 2010.
Y. Sun, G.S. Zhuang, W.J. Zhang, Y. Wang, and Y.H. Zhuang, “Characteristics and Sources of Lead Pollution After Phasing Out Leaded Gasoline in Beijing”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40 (16), pp. 2973-2985, 2006.
C.S. Zender, R.L. Miller, and Tegen I, “Quantifying Mineral Dust Mass Budgets: Terminology, Constraints, and Current Estimates”, EOS, Vol. 85 (48), pp. 509-512, 2004.
J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, H. Kuhns, V. Etyemezian, D. H. Lowenthal, D. Crow, S. D. Kohl, J. P. Engelbrecht, and M. C. Green, “Source Profiles for Industrial, Mobile, and Area Sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational Study”, Chemosphere, Vol. 54 (2), pp.185-208, 2004.
X. Querol, X. Zhuang, A. Alastuey, M. Viana, W. Lv, Y. Wang, A. López, Z. Zhu, H. Wei, and S. Xu, “Speciation and Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols in a Highly Industrialised Emerging Mega-City in Central China”, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 8 (10), 1049-59, 2006.
I. Balcilar , A. Zararsiz, Y. Kalayci, G. Doǧan, and G. Tuncel, “Chemical Composition of Eastern Black Sea Aerosol-Preliminary Results”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol.488-489 (1), 422-428, 2014.
I. Balcilar , A. Zararsiz, Y. Kalayci, G. Doǧan, and G. Tuncel, “Temporal Variations of Eastern Black Sea Aerosol”, Global Nest Journal, Vol. 20 (1), pp.115-121, 2018.
N. Galindo, E. Yubero, J.F. Nicolás, J. Crespo , M. Varea, and J. Gil-Moltó, “Regional and Long-Range Transport of Aerosols at Mt. Aitana, Southeastern Spain”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol.584-585, pp. 723-730, 2017.
J.F. Nicolás, N. Galindo, E. Yubero, C. Pastor, R. Esclapez, and J. Crespo, “Aerosol Inorganic Ions in a Semiarid Region on the Southeastern Spanish Mediterranean Coast”, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 201 (1-4), pp. 149-159, 2009.
R. Washington, M. Todd, N.J. Middleton, and A.S. Goudie, “Dust-Storm Source Areas Determined by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Surface Observations”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 93 (2), 297–313, 2003.
I. Borbely-Kiss, A.Z. Kiss, E. Koltay, G. Szabo, and L. Bozo, “Saharan Dust Episodes in Hungarian Aerosol: Elemental Signatures and Transport Trajectories”, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 35 (10), pp.1205-1224, 2004.
M. Koçak, C. Theodosi, P. Zarmpas, M.J.M. Séguret, B. Herut, G. Kallos, N. Mihalopoulos, N. Kubilay, and M. Nimmo, “Influence of Mineral Dust Transport on the Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of the Eastern Mediterranean Aerosol”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 57, pp. 266-277, 2012.
I. Kopanakis, K. Eleftheriadis, N. Mihalopoulos, N. Lydakis-Simantiris, E. Katsivela, D. Pentari, P. Zarmpas, and M. Lazaridis, “Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Atmospheric Research, Vol.106, pp. 93-107, 2012.
G.M.B. Marcazzan, P. Bonelli, E. Della Bella, A. Fumagalli, R. Ricci, and U. Pellegrini, “Study of Regional and Long-Range Transport in an Alpine Station by PIXE Analysis of Aerosol Particles”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 75 (1–4), pp. 312-316, 1993.
R.R. Draxler, and G.D. Rolph. HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model Access via NOAA ARL READY website, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, 2013. http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php
V.Vasilatou, E. Diapouli, D. Abatzoglou, E.B.Bakeas, M. Scoullos, and K. Eleftheriadis, “Characterization of PM2.5 Chemical Composition at the Demokritos Suburban Station, in Athens Greece. The Influence of Saharan Dust”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 24 (12), 11836-11846, 2017.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Atmospheric Aerosols, Atmospheric Composition, Chemistry and Processes

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

D. Deniz Genç Tokgöz ^*
0000-0001-7904-2497
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

September 12, 2024

Acceptance Date

November 25, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1548914

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA25MY25NX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Genç Tokgöz, D. D. (2025). Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean. Environmental Research and Technology, 8(3), 641-655. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1548914

AMA

1.Genç Tokgöz DD. Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean. ERT. 2025;8(3):641-655. doi:10.35208/ert.1548914

Chicago

Genç Tokgöz, D. Deniz. 2025. “Characterization of Size Segregated PM10 at a Rural Site in the Eastern Mediterranean”. Environmental Research and Technology 8 (3): 641-55. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1548914.

EndNote

Genç Tokgöz DD (September 1, 2025) Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean. Environmental Research and Technology 8 3 641–655.

IEEE

[1]D. D. Genç Tokgöz, “Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean”, ERT, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 641–655, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.35208/ert.1548914.

ISNAD

Genç Tokgöz, D. Deniz. “Characterization of Size Segregated PM10 at a Rural Site in the Eastern Mediterranean”. Environmental Research and Technology 8/3 (September 1, 2025): 641-655. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1548914.

JAMA

1.Genç Tokgöz DD. Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean. ERT. 2025;8:641–655.

MLA

Genç Tokgöz, D. Deniz. “Characterization of Size Segregated PM10 at a Rural Site in the Eastern Mediterranean”. Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 641-55, doi:10.35208/ert.1548914.

Vancouver

1.D. Deniz Genç Tokgöz. Characterization of size segregated PM10 at a rural site in the Eastern Mediterranean. ERT. 2025 Sep. 1;8(3):641-55. doi:10.35208/ert.1548914