Preparation of coal-derived magnetic carbon material for magnetic solid-phase extraction of fungicides from water samples

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 166 - 174, 31.12.2020

Gizem Tarhan Elif Yıldız Atakan Toprak , Hasan Çabuk

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.788913

Abstract

A magnetic solid-phase extraction method has been developed for the extraction and analysis of some fungicides in environmental water samples. Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil and trifloxystrobin were the target fungicides selected. First, a carbon material was obtained from the raw coal sample collected from Zonguldak region by ash removal process and then a magnetic C/Fe₃O₄ composite was produced from the carbon material using a single-step thermal method. The magnetic C/Fe₃O₄ composite was characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This composite was then used as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of fungicides from water samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as adsorbent amount, type and volume of desorption solvent, adsorption and desorption time, ionic strength, and pH were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction efficiency for azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil and trifloxystrobin was found to be 71%, 44%, 41% and 70%, respectively. The method detection limits for fungicides were found to be in the range of 0.4-1.1 µg L^-1. The relative standard deviations were found to be lower than 6.6% and 6.9% for intra-day and inter-day precisions, respectively. The extraction of related fungicides from water samples collected from Zonguldak region was carried out efficiently. The recoveries obtained from spiked water samples were in the range of 71–106%.

Keywords

Fungicides, liquid chromatography, magnetic solid-phase extraction, water samples

Project Number

2016-72118496-03

References

• [1] M. Wierucka and M. Biziuk, “Application of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction in preparing biological, environmental and food samples,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 59, pp. 59, 50–58, 2014.
• [2] Y. Chen, Z. Guo, X. Wang and C. Qiu, “Sample preparation,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1184, pp. 191–219, 2008.
• [3] S.M. Wille and W.E. Lambert, “Recent developments in extraction procedures relevant to analytical toxicology,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 388, pp. 1381–1391, 2007.
• [4] J. Płotka-Wasylka, N. Szczepańska, M. de La Guardia and J. Namieśnik, “Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 73, pp. 19–38, 2015.
• [5] M. Šafařı́ková and I. Šafařı́k, “Magnetic solid-phase extraction,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Material, Vol. 194, pp. 108–112, 1999.
• [6] A.M. Wightwick, A.D. Bui, P. Zhang, G. Rose, M. Allinson, J.H. Myers, S.M. Reichman, N.W. Menzies, V. Pettigrove and G. Allinson, “Environmental fate of fungicides in surface waters of a horticultural-production catchment in southeastern Australia,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 62, pp. 380–390, 2012.
• [7] M. Yang, X. Xi, X. Wu, R. Lu, W. Zhou, S. Zhang and H. Gao, “Vortex-assisted magnetic β-cyclodextrin/attapulgite-linked ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the fast determination of four fungicides in water samples,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1381, pp. 37–47, 2015.
• [8] P. Davini, “SO2 adsorption by activated carbons with various burnoffs obtained from a bituminous coal,” Carbon, Vol. 39, pp. 1387–1393, 2001.
• [9] N. Yang, S. Zhu, D. Zhang and S. Xu, “Synthesis and properties of magnetic Fe3O4-activated carbon nanocomposite particles for dye removal,” Materials Letters, Vol. 62, pp. 645–647, 2008.
• [10] B. Qiu, H. Gu, X. Yan, J. Guo, Y. Wang, D. Sun, Q. Wang, M. Khan, X. Zhang and B.L. Weeks, “Cellulose derived magnetic mesoporous carbon nanocomposites with enhanced hexavalent chromium removal,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, pp. 17454–17462, 2014.
• [11] K.Y. Foo and B.H. Hameed, “Microwave assisted preparation of activated carbon from pomelo skin for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 173, pp. 385–390, 2011.
• [12] J. Serafin, U. Narkiewicz, A.W. Morawski, R.J. Wróbel and B. Michalkiewicz, “Highly microporous activated carbons from biomass for CO2 capture and effective micropores at different conditions,” Journal of CO2 Utilization, Vol. 18, pp. 73–79, 2017.
• [13] A.A. Asgharinezhad, S. Karami, H. Ebrahimzadeh, N. Shekari and N. Jalilian, “Polypyrrole/magnetic nanoparticles composite as an efficient sorbent for dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of antidepressant drugs from biological fluids,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 494, pp. 102–112, 2015.
• [14] J. Zhang, Z. Zhong, D. Shen, J. Zhao, H. Zhang, M. Yang and W. Li, “Preparation of bamboo-based activated carbon and its application in direct carbon fuel cells,” Energy and Fuels, Vol. 25, pp. 2187–2193, 2011.
• [15] Y.-J. Zhang, Z.-J. Xing, Z.-K. Duan, M. Li and Y. Wang, “Effects of steam activation on the pore structure and surface chemistry of activated carbon derived from bamboo waste,” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 315, 279–286, 2014.
• [16] X. Yu, Y. Sun, C.-Z. Jiang, Y. Gao, Y.-P. Wang, H.-Q. Zhang and D.-Q. Song, “Magnetic solid‐phase extraction and ultrafast liquid chromatographic detection of Sudan dyes in red wines, juices, and mature vinegars,” Journal of Separation Science, Vol. 35, pp. 3403–3411, 2012.
• [17] L. Bai, B. Mei, Q.-Z. Guo, Z.-G. Shi and Y.-Q. Feng, “Magnetic solid-phase extraction of hydrophobic analytes in environmental samples by a surface hydrophilic carbon-ferromagnetic nanocomposite,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1217, pp. 7331–7336, 2010.
• [18] S. Zhang, Z. Jiao and W. Yao, “A simple solvothermal process for fabrication of a metal-organic framework with an iron oxide enclosure for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in biological samples,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1371, pp. 74–81, 2014.
• [19] Q. Zhou, M. Lei, Y. Wu, X. Zhou, H. Wang, Y. Sun, X. Sheng and Y. Tong, “Magnetic solid phase extraction of bisphenol A, phenol and hydroquinone from water samples by magnetic and thermo dual-responsive core-shell nanomaterial,” Chemosphere, Vol. 238, pp. 124621, 2020.
• [20] S. Li, X. Yang, L. Hu, X. Cui, S. Zhang, R. Lu, W. Zhou and H. Gao, “Directly suspended-solidified floating organic droplets for the determination of fungicides in water and honey samples,” Analytical Methods, Vol. 6, pp. 7510–7517, 2014.
• [21] P. Liang, F. Wang and Q. Wan, “Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four fungicides in environmental water samples,” Talanta, Vol. 105, pp. 57–62, 2013.
• [22] M. Yang, Y. Gu, X. Wu, X. Xi, X. Yang, W. Zhou, H. Zeng, S. Zhang, R. Lu and H. Gao, “Rapid analysis of fungicides in tea infusions using ionic liquid immobilized fabric phase sorptive extraction with the assistance of surfactant fungicides analysis using IL-FPSE assisted with surfactant,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 239, pp. 797–805, 2018.
• [23] X. You, X. Chen, F. Liu, F. Hou and Y. Li, “Ionic liquid-based air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of five fungicides in juice samples,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 239, pp. 354–359, 2018.
• [24] M. Catalá-Icardo, C. Gómez-Benito, E.F. Simó-Alfonso and J.M. Herrero-Martínez, “Determination of azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil using a methacrylate-based polymer modified with gold nanoparticles as solid-phase extraction sorbent,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 409, pp. 243–250, 2017.
• [25] J. Martins, C. Esteves, T. Simões, M. Correia and C. Delerue-Matos, “Determination of 24 pesticide residues in fortified wines by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 59, pp. 6847–6855, 2011.