Evaluation of metal contamination and ecological risk in surface sediments of an industrialized catchment: A case study of the Saz-Çayırova catchment, Northwestern Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 564 - 577, 31.12.2024

Meltem Çelen , Halil Oruç

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1437658

Öz

Investigating the spatio-temporal variations of metal pollution in the sediment of an industrialized watershed, this study aims to identify ecological risks. Utilizing six risk assessment indices—enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), potential ecological risk (RI), contamination factor (CF), ecological risk assessment (ER), and Pollution Load Index (PLI)—the research distinguishes between anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Surface sediment samples are collected from nine locations (comprising seven monitoring sites and two reference sites) across the watershed during both dry and wet seasons. Reference concentrations, tailored to accurately reflect local characteristics, are employed to compute the indices. Results indicate significantly elevated concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni throughout the basin, exceeding reference values by factors of 15, 20, 5, 10, and 5, respectively. Wet and dry season assessments reveal varying I-geo and EF values across monitoring stations. Cd emerges as the primary ecological risk, predominantly attributed to industrial discharges. Moreover, dry season contamination surpasses that of the wet season. Comparative analysis of the indices reveals PLI's efficacy for spatial assessments, while RI analysis better elucidates temporal variations. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for devising strategies to mitigate sediment contamination in industrial watersheds.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecological risk indices, metal pollution, surface sediments, watershed

Etik Beyan

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript

Destekleyen Kurum

Gebze Technical University Scientific Research Projects Support Program

Proje Numarası

BAP 2020-A-101-11

Teşekkür

This study has been financially supported by Scientific Research Projects of Gebze Technical University (No: BAP 2020-A-101-11).

Kaynakça

• D. Stefanovic, U. Marjanovic, M. Delić, D. Culibrk, and B. Lalic, "Assessing the success of e-government systems: An employee perspective," Information & Management, Vol. 53(6), pp. 717-726, 2016. [CrossRef]
• M. E. Mimba, T. Ohba, S. C. Nguemhe Fils, M. T. Nforba, N. Numanami, T. G. Bafon, F. T. Aka, and C. E. Suh, "Regional geochemical baseline concentration of potentially toxic trace metals in the mineralized Lom Basin, East Cameroon: a tool for contamination assessment," Geochemical Transactions, Vol. 19(11), pp. 1-17, 2018. [CrossRef]
• G. Hu, E. Bakhtavar, K. Hewage, M. Mohseni, and R. Sadiq, "Heavy metals risk assessment in drinking water: An integrated probabilistic-fuzzy approach," The Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 250, Article 109514, 2019. [CrossRef]
• A. Zahra, M. Z. Hashmi, R. N. Malik, and Z. Ahmed, "Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah—feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir, Pakistan," Science of Total Environment, Vol. 470, pp. 925-933, 2014. [CrossRef]
• C. Yang, P. Yang, J. Geng, H. Yin, and K. Chen, "Sediment internal nutrient loading in the most polluted area of a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Chaohu, China) and its contribution to lake eutrophication," Environmental Pollution, Vol. 262, Article 114292, 2020. [CrossRef]
• K. P. Singh, A. Malik, S. Sinha, V. K. Singh, and R. C. Murthy, "Estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in sediments of Gomti River (India) using principal component analysis," Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 166, pp. 321–341, 2005. [CrossRef]
• F. Ustaoğlu, and Y. Tepe, "Water quality and sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators," International Soil and Water Conservation Research, Vol. 7(1), pp. 47-56, 2019. [CrossRef]
• F. Bessa, P. Barría, J. Neto, J. Frias, V. Otero, P. Sobral, and J. C. Marques, "Occurrence of microplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment," Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 128, pp. 575-584, 2018. [CrossRef]
• L. Bat, and E. Y. Özkan, "Heavy metal levels in sediment of the Turkish Black Sea coast," in Progressive Engineering Practices in Marine Resource Management, IGI Global book series Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies (AEEGT), pp. 399-419, 2015. [CrossRef]
• E. P. B. Mandeng, B. L. M. Bidjeck, E. A. Z. Bessa, D. Y. Ntomb, W. J. Wadjou, E. E. P. Doumo, and B. L. Dieudonné, "Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals, and uranium of sediments in two watersheds in Abiete-Toko gold district, Southern Cameroon," Heliyon, Vol. 5(10), Article e02591, 2019. [CrossRef]
• C. M. Alves, C. M. Ferreira, and H. Soares, "Relation between different metal pollution criteria in sediments and its contribution on assessing toxicity," Chemosphere, Vol. 208, pp. 390-398, 2018. [CrossRef]
• E. F. Liu, and J. Shen, "A comparative study of metal pollution and potential ecorisk in the sediment of Chaohu Lake (China) based on total concentration and chemical speciation," Environmental Science Pollution Research, Vol. 21, pp. 7285–7295, 2014. [CrossRef]
• Z. Yu, E. Liu, Q. Lin, E. Zhang, F. Yang, C. Wei, and J. Shen, "Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in lake sediment by combining total concentration and chemical partitioning," Environmental Pollution, Vol. 269, Article 116212, 2021. [CrossRef]
• Ş. Ergen, "Ecological risk assessment profile of lake surface sediment using metal(loid)s: A case study, the Boraboy Lake," Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C-Biology, Vol. 32(2), pp. 87-104, 2023. [CrossRef]
• C.-W. Huang, C. Lin, M. K. Nguyen, A. Hussain, X.-T. Bui, and H. H. Ngo, "A review of biosensor for environmental monitoring: principle, application, and corresponding achievement of sustainable development goals," Bioengineered, Vol. 14(1), pp. 58-80, 2023. [CrossRef]
• P. I. Omwene, M. S. Öncel, M. Çelen, and M. Kobya, "Heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in surface sediments of Mustafakemalpaşa stream located in the world's largest borate basin (Turkey)," Chemosphere, Vol. 208, pp. 782-792, 2018. [CrossRef]
• S. Kontaş, and D. Bostancı, "Genotoxic Effects of Environmental Pollutant Heavy Metals on Alburnus chalcoides (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Inhabiting Lower Melet River (Ordu, Turkey)," The Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 104, pp. 763-769, 2020. [CrossRef]
• E. Sari, F.-B. Stanislav, M. A. Kurt, and H. Mihri, "Contamination assessment of ecotoxic metals in recent sediments from the Ergene River, Turkey," Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 75, Article 1051, 2016. [CrossRef]
• Ö. Atasayan, P. Özyılmaz Küçükyağcı, and Ö. Çalışkan, "Çayirova (Saz) Deresi Çevresinin Doğal Peyzaj Dönüşümünün Değerlendirilmesi," in Landscape Architecture 5th Congress, Adana, 2013.
• H. Hız, "The pollution of Çayırova stream and its impact on the Marmara Sea," Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 2000.
• H. N. Oruç, M. Çelen, F. Gülgen, M. S. Öncel, S. Vural, and B. Kılıç, "Sensitivity of the SWAT Model to Soil Data Parametrization; Case Study in Saz - Çayırova Stream, Turkey," in 5th EurAsia Waste Management Symposium (EWMS), İstanbul, 2020.
• H. N. Oruç, M. Çelen, F. Gülgen, S. M. Öncel, S. Vural, and B. Kılıç, "Evaluating the effects of Soil Data Quality on the SWAT Runoff Prediction Performance; A Case Study of Saz-Cayirova Catchment, Turkey," Urban Water Journal, 20(10), pp. 1592-1607, 2023. [CrossRef]
• E. E. A., "Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2018, Version 20b2," European Environment Agency, 2018.
• GOSB. "Gebze Organize Sanayi Bölgesi," Available at: https://www.gosb.com.tr/firmalar/uretimdeki-firmalar. [Accessed on Feb 14 2024].
• UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total chromium in marine sediments by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,” Geneva, 1985a.
• UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total copper in marine sediments by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,” No. 33, Geneva, 1985b. UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total iron in marine sediments by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,” No. 37, Geneva, 1985c.
• UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total manganese in marine sediments by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,” No. 38, Geneva, 1985d.
• UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total mercury in marine sediments and suspended solids by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution studies,” No. 26, Geneva, 1985.
• UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total mercury in marine sediments and suspended solids by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,” No. 26, Geneva, 1985e.
• UNEP/IAEA, “Determination of total zinc in marine sediments by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,“ No. 39, Geneva, 1985f.
• H. Bing, J. Zhou, Y. Wu, X. Wang, H. Sun, and R. Li, Current state, sources, and potential risk of heavy metals in sediments of Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 214, pp. 485-496, 2016. [CrossRef]
• M. Delgado, M. E. Porter, and S. Stern, “Clusters and entrepreneurship,” US Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, 2010. [CrossRef]
• T. Lin, L. Nizzetto, Z. Guo, Y. Li, J. Li, and G. Zhang, “DDTs and HCHs in sediment cores from the coastal East China Sea,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 539, pp. 388-394, 2016. [CrossRef]
• G. Muller, “Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River,” Geojournal, Vol. 2(3), pp. 108-118, 1969.
• D. L. Tomlinson, J. G. Wilson, C. R. Harris, and D. W. Jeffrey, “Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index,” Helgoländer meeresuntersuchungen, Vol. 33, pp. 566-575, 1980. [CrossRef]
• H.-n. Zhu, X.-z. Yuan, G.-m. Zeng, M. Jiang and J. Liang, “Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 22(6), pp. 1470-1477, 2012. [CrossRef]
• L. Hakanson, “An ecological risk ındex for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach,” Water Research, Vol. 14, pp. 975-1001, 1980. [CrossRef]
• A. Desaules, “Critical evaluation of soil contamination assessment methods for trace metals,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 426, pp. 120-131, 2012. [CrossRef]
• C. Reimann, and R. G. Garrett, “Geochemical background—Concept and reality,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 350, pp. 12–27, 2005. [CrossRef]
• M. Coşkun, E. Steinnes, and M. V. Frontasyeva, “Heavy metal pollution of surface soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 119, pp. 545–556, 2006. [CrossRef]
• F. Yılmaz, Z. Y. Yılmaz, M. Ergin, M. Erkol, A. E. Muftuoglu, and B. Karakelle, “Heavy metal concentrations in surface soils of Izmit gulf region Turkey,” Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, Vol. 21, pp. 523–531, 2003. [CrossRef]
• B. Mason, “Principles of geochemistry,” John Wiley, 1952. [CrossRef]
• H. Kara, “Evulation metal of contamination by natural background and average earth’s crust values in the inci stream sediments around chromite deposits in Guleman (Alacakaya-Elazığ), Turkey,” Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 23(4), pp. 1056-1071, 2023. [Turkish] [CrossRef]
• G. Abdel Ghani, G. El Zokm, A. Shobier, M. Othman, and M. Shreadah, “Metal pollution in surface sediments of Abu-Qir Bay and Eastern Harbour of Alexandria, Egypt,” The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Vol. 39(1), pp. 1-12, 2013. [CrossRef]
• A. Taylor, and J. Blum, “Relation between soil age and silicate weathering rates determined from the chemical evolution of a glacial chronosequence,” Geology, Vol. 23(11), pp. 979–982, 1995. [CrossRef]
• K. K. Turekian, and K. H. Wedepohl, “Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 72, pp. 175-192, 1961. [CrossRef]
• L. Filho, W. Shiel, and A. Paço, “Integrative approaches to environmental sustainability at universities: an overview of challenges and priorities,” Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, Vol. 12(1), pp. 1-14, 2015. [CrossRef]
• M. Fukue, M. Yanai, Y. Sato, Y. Fujikawa, Y. Furukawa, and S. Tani, Background values for evaluation of heavy metal contamination in sediments, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 136(1), pp. 111-119, 2006. [CrossRef]
• S. Galgo, and V. Asio, “Properties, geochemical composition, and fertility of highly weathered soils in Central Philippines,” Eurasıan Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 11(2), pp. 113-125. [CrossRef]
• Z. Balogh, S. Harangi, J. T. Kundrát, I. Gyulai, B. Tóthmérész, and E. Simon, “Effects of anthropogenic activities on the elemental concentration in surface sediment of oxbows,” Water Air Soil Pollution, Vol. 227, p. 13–21, 2016. [CrossRef]
• M. H. Sayadi, M. Shabani, and N. Ahmadpour, “Pollution ındex and ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface soils of Amir-Abad Area in Birjand City, Iran”, Health Scope, Vol. 4(1) Article e21137, 2015. [CrossRef]
• X. Xia, X. Chen, R. Liu, and H. Liu, “Heavy metals in urban soils with various types of land use in Beijing, China,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 186, pp. 2043-2050, 2011. [CrossRef]
• H. Zhang, and B. Shan, “Historical records of heavy metal accumulation in sediments and the relationship with agricultural intensification in the Yangtze–Huaihe region, China,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 399(1), pp. 113-120, 2008. [CrossRef]
• M. R. Sayyed, and M. H. Sayadi, “Variations in the heavy metal accumulations within the surface soils from the Chitgar industrial area of Tehran,” Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 36(1), pp. 36-46, 2011.