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CHARACTERIZATION OF ARTIFICIALLY GENERATED 2D MATERIALS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 223 - 232, 27.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.18038/estubtda.1149416

Öz

Two dimensional (2D) materials have attracted many researchers due to the high-performance of the devices produced by these materials. There are different methods to produce 2D materials such as wet chemical synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), molecular beam epitaxy, atomic layer deposition, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), all of which require hours during the processes. Once the 2D structures are obtained, their properties including their defects should be revealed by different characterization tools. Characterization process also requires time and expertise. In this respect, deep learning methods such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) can be a solution for the practical and rapid classification of the produced samples. However, there is not enough number of samples in most of the research laboratories because of the above-mentioned long experimental processes. This work presents the performance of a CNN algorithm using artificially created images of MoS2, a commonly studied 2D semiconductor with a high potential in different electronics applications. The synthetic optical microscopic images including normal and defected MoS2 flakes are generated by the intensities of light incident on different materials using Fresnel Equations. A deep CNN algorithm is constructed to detect the normal and defective samples. As a result of the experiments, an average of 88.9% accuracy was obtained. These results can be interpreted that CNN can be used in the future for the characterization of two-dimensional materials with a sufficient number of real images.

Destekleyen Kurum

Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

22ADP144

Teşekkür

This work was supported by Eskişehir Technical University Research Project no: 22ADP144.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Chang L, Frank DJ, Montoye RK, Koester SJ, Ji BL, Coteus PW, et al. Practical strategies for power-efficient computing technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2010;98:215-36.
  • [2] Park JH, Jang GS, Kim HY, Seok KH, Chae HJ, Lee SK, et al. Sub-kT/q subthreshold-slope using negative capacitance in low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistor. Scientific reports. 2016;6:1-9.
  • [3] Attia KM, El-Hosseini MA, Ali HA. Dynamic power management techniques in multi-core architectures: A survey study. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2017;8:445-56.
  • [4] Chhowalla M, Jena D, Zhang H. Two-dimensional semiconductors for transistors. Nature Reviews Materials. 2016;1:1-15.
  • [5] Kong W, Kum H, Bae S-H, Shim J, Kim H, Kong L, et al. Path towards graphene commercialization from lab to market. Nature nanotechnology. 2019;14:927-38.
  • [6] Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D-e, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. science. 2004;306:666-9.
  • [7] Yi M, Shen Z. A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2015;3:11700-15.
  • [8] Bonaccorso F, Lombardo A, Hasan T, Sun Z, Colombo L, Ferrari AC. Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals. Materials Today. 2012;15:564-89.
  • [9] Zhang Y, Yao Y, Sendeku MG, Yin L, Zhan X, Wang F, et al. Recent progress in CVD growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and related heterostructures. Advanced materials. 2019;31:1901694.
  • [10] Aras FG, Yilmaz A, Tasdelen HG, Ozden A, Ay F, Perkgoz NK, et al. A review on recent advances of chemical vapor deposition technique for monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (MX2: Mo, W; S, Se, Te). Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2022;148:106829.
  • [11] Liu D, Chen X, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Jin Z, Yi K, et al. Conformal hexagonal-boron nitride dielectric interface for tungsten diselenide devices with improved mobility and thermal dissipation. Nature communications. 2019;10:1188.
  • [12] Lin Z, McCreary A, Briggs N, Subramanian S, Zhang K, Sun Y, et al. 2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications. 2D Materials. 2016;3:042001.
  • [13] Özden A, Şar H, Yeltik A, Madenoğlu B, Sevik C, Ay F, et al. CVD grown 2D MoS2 layers: A photoluminescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging study. physica status solidi (RRL)–Rapid Research Letters. 2016;10:792-6.
  • [14] Zhang J, Yu Y, Wang P, Luo C, Wu X, Sun Z, et al. Characterization of atomic defects on the photoluminescence in two‐dimensional materials using transmission electron microscope. InfoMat. 2019;1:85-97.
  • [15] Yorulmaz B, Özden A, Şar H, Ay F, Sevik C, Perkgöz NK. CVD growth of monolayer WS2 through controlled seed formation and vapor density. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2019;93:158-63.
  • [16] Lin X, Si Z, Fu W, Yang J, Guo S, Cao Y, et al. Intelligent identification of two-dimensional nanostructures by machine-learning optical microscopy. Nano Research. 2018;11:6316-24.
  • [17] Saito Y, Shin K, Terayama K, Desai S, Onga M, Nakagawa Y, et al. Deep-learning-based quality filtering of mechanically exfoliated 2D crystals. npj Computational Materials. 2019;5:1-6.
  • [18] LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning. nature. 2015;521:436-44.
  • [19] Shinde PP, Shah S. A Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications. 2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA)2018. p. 1-6.
  • [20] Shorten C, Khoshgoftaar TM, Furht B. Deep Learning applications for COVID-19. Journal of Big Data. 2021;8:1-54.
  • [21] Masubuchi S, Machida T. Classifying optical microscope images of exfoliated graphene flakes by data-driven machine learning. npj 2D Materials and Applications. 2019;3:1-7.
  • [22] Bharati S, Podder P, Mondal M. Artificial neural network based breast cancer screening: a comprehensive review. arXiv preprint arXiv:200601767. 2020.
  • [23] Masubuchi S, Watanabe E, Seo Y, Okazaki S, Sasagawa T, Watanabe K, et al. Deep-learning-based image segmentation integrated with optical microscopy for automatically searching for two-dimensional materials. npj 2D Materials and Applications. 2020;4:1-9.
  • [24] Yao G, Lei T, Zhong J. A review of convolutional-neural-network-based action recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters. 2019;118:14-22.
  • [25] Alzubaidi L, Zhang J, Humaidi AJ, Al-Dujaili A, Duan Y, Al-Shamma O, et al. Review of deep learning: Concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions. Journal of big Data. 2021;8:1-74.
  • [26] Bhuvaneswari V, Priyadharshini M, Deepa C, Balaji D, Rajeshkumar L, Ramesh M. Deep learning for material synthesis and manufacturing systems: a review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;46:3263-9.
  • [27] Blake P, Hill E, Castro Neto A, Novoselov K, Jiang D, Yang R, et al. Making graphene visible. Applied physics letters. 2007;91:063124.
  • [28] Zhang W, Zhao Q, Puebla S, Wang T, Frisenda R, Castellanos-Gomez A. Optical microscopy–based thickness estimation in thin GaSe flakes. Materials Today Advances. 2021;10:100143.
  • [29] Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex. The Journal of physiology. 1959;148:574.
  • [30] Fukushima K, Miyake S. Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of visual pattern recognition. Competition and cooperation in neural nets: Springer; 1982. p. 267-85.
  • [31] LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1998;86:2278-324.
  • [32] Refractive index database https://refractiveindex.info/
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 223 - 232, 27.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.18038/estubtda.1149416

Öz

Proje Numarası

22ADP144

Kaynakça

  • [1] Chang L, Frank DJ, Montoye RK, Koester SJ, Ji BL, Coteus PW, et al. Practical strategies for power-efficient computing technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2010;98:215-36.
  • [2] Park JH, Jang GS, Kim HY, Seok KH, Chae HJ, Lee SK, et al. Sub-kT/q subthreshold-slope using negative capacitance in low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistor. Scientific reports. 2016;6:1-9.
  • [3] Attia KM, El-Hosseini MA, Ali HA. Dynamic power management techniques in multi-core architectures: A survey study. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2017;8:445-56.
  • [4] Chhowalla M, Jena D, Zhang H. Two-dimensional semiconductors for transistors. Nature Reviews Materials. 2016;1:1-15.
  • [5] Kong W, Kum H, Bae S-H, Shim J, Kim H, Kong L, et al. Path towards graphene commercialization from lab to market. Nature nanotechnology. 2019;14:927-38.
  • [6] Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D-e, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. science. 2004;306:666-9.
  • [7] Yi M, Shen Z. A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2015;3:11700-15.
  • [8] Bonaccorso F, Lombardo A, Hasan T, Sun Z, Colombo L, Ferrari AC. Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals. Materials Today. 2012;15:564-89.
  • [9] Zhang Y, Yao Y, Sendeku MG, Yin L, Zhan X, Wang F, et al. Recent progress in CVD growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and related heterostructures. Advanced materials. 2019;31:1901694.
  • [10] Aras FG, Yilmaz A, Tasdelen HG, Ozden A, Ay F, Perkgoz NK, et al. A review on recent advances of chemical vapor deposition technique for monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (MX2: Mo, W; S, Se, Te). Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2022;148:106829.
  • [11] Liu D, Chen X, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Jin Z, Yi K, et al. Conformal hexagonal-boron nitride dielectric interface for tungsten diselenide devices with improved mobility and thermal dissipation. Nature communications. 2019;10:1188.
  • [12] Lin Z, McCreary A, Briggs N, Subramanian S, Zhang K, Sun Y, et al. 2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications. 2D Materials. 2016;3:042001.
  • [13] Özden A, Şar H, Yeltik A, Madenoğlu B, Sevik C, Ay F, et al. CVD grown 2D MoS2 layers: A photoluminescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging study. physica status solidi (RRL)–Rapid Research Letters. 2016;10:792-6.
  • [14] Zhang J, Yu Y, Wang P, Luo C, Wu X, Sun Z, et al. Characterization of atomic defects on the photoluminescence in two‐dimensional materials using transmission electron microscope. InfoMat. 2019;1:85-97.
  • [15] Yorulmaz B, Özden A, Şar H, Ay F, Sevik C, Perkgöz NK. CVD growth of monolayer WS2 through controlled seed formation and vapor density. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2019;93:158-63.
  • [16] Lin X, Si Z, Fu W, Yang J, Guo S, Cao Y, et al. Intelligent identification of two-dimensional nanostructures by machine-learning optical microscopy. Nano Research. 2018;11:6316-24.
  • [17] Saito Y, Shin K, Terayama K, Desai S, Onga M, Nakagawa Y, et al. Deep-learning-based quality filtering of mechanically exfoliated 2D crystals. npj Computational Materials. 2019;5:1-6.
  • [18] LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning. nature. 2015;521:436-44.
  • [19] Shinde PP, Shah S. A Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications. 2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA)2018. p. 1-6.
  • [20] Shorten C, Khoshgoftaar TM, Furht B. Deep Learning applications for COVID-19. Journal of Big Data. 2021;8:1-54.
  • [21] Masubuchi S, Machida T. Classifying optical microscope images of exfoliated graphene flakes by data-driven machine learning. npj 2D Materials and Applications. 2019;3:1-7.
  • [22] Bharati S, Podder P, Mondal M. Artificial neural network based breast cancer screening: a comprehensive review. arXiv preprint arXiv:200601767. 2020.
  • [23] Masubuchi S, Watanabe E, Seo Y, Okazaki S, Sasagawa T, Watanabe K, et al. Deep-learning-based image segmentation integrated with optical microscopy for automatically searching for two-dimensional materials. npj 2D Materials and Applications. 2020;4:1-9.
  • [24] Yao G, Lei T, Zhong J. A review of convolutional-neural-network-based action recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters. 2019;118:14-22.
  • [25] Alzubaidi L, Zhang J, Humaidi AJ, Al-Dujaili A, Duan Y, Al-Shamma O, et al. Review of deep learning: Concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions. Journal of big Data. 2021;8:1-74.
  • [26] Bhuvaneswari V, Priyadharshini M, Deepa C, Balaji D, Rajeshkumar L, Ramesh M. Deep learning for material synthesis and manufacturing systems: a review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;46:3263-9.
  • [27] Blake P, Hill E, Castro Neto A, Novoselov K, Jiang D, Yang R, et al. Making graphene visible. Applied physics letters. 2007;91:063124.
  • [28] Zhang W, Zhao Q, Puebla S, Wang T, Frisenda R, Castellanos-Gomez A. Optical microscopy–based thickness estimation in thin GaSe flakes. Materials Today Advances. 2021;10:100143.
  • [29] Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex. The Journal of physiology. 1959;148:574.
  • [30] Fukushima K, Miyake S. Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of visual pattern recognition. Competition and cooperation in neural nets: Springer; 1982. p. 267-85.
  • [31] LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1998;86:2278-324.
  • [32] Refractive index database https://refractiveindex.info/
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cahit Perkgöz 0000-0003-0424-7046

Mehmet Zahit Angi 0000-0002-7019-1637

Proje Numarası 22ADP144
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Perkgöz C, Angi MZ. CHARACTERIZATION OF ARTIFICIALLY GENERATED 2D MATERIALS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS. Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering. Eylül 2022;23(3):223-232. doi:10.18038/estubtda.1149416