Determination of the Antifungal Effects of Organic and Inorganic Salts Against the Post-Harvest Brown Rot Pathogen Monilinia laxa in Apples

Abstract

The brown rot disease in apples (Monilinia laxa) is a fungal disease that can cause economic losses both before and after harvest. In this study, the effectiveness of 10 different organic and inorganic salts (sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, ammonium acetate, potassium sorbate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium benzoate) was investigated as an alternative to chemical control against the M. laxa pathogen in apples through in vitro experiments and detached fruit trials. In the in vitro tests, all salts except for sodium acetate and ammonium acetate showed a similar effect to the positive control (Captan 50 WP and Thiram 80 WP) at a 2% concentration, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of M. laxa. Sodium metabisulfite completely inhibited the fungal mycelial development at the lowest concentration (0.1%). In toxicity tests, it was determined that sodium metabisulfite had the lowest MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) values. When the curative activity of all salts at different doses against M. laxa were evaluated together, sodium metabisulfite was identified as the most successful salt, completely inhibiting lesion development at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% compared to the control. Sodium benzoate was identified as the second most successful salt, almost completely inhibiting lesion development at concentrations of 1.0% and 2.0%. When evaluating the preventive activity of salts against M. laxa, sodium metabisulfite at concentrations of 1.0% and 2.0% was found to be the most effective salt, completely inhibiting lesion development on apple fruit compared to the control and other salts. It was also determined that the 0.5% concentration of the same salt, sodium metabisulfite, successfully prevented fruit infection to a significant extent. Sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate at 2% concentrations were also found to be successful in inhibiting mycelial development. This study yielded promising results for the use of organic and inorganic salts in controlling the M. laxa pathogen in apples under storage conditions.

Keywords

• Monilia disease
• storage disease
• organic and inorganic salt
• apple

Elmalarda Hasat Sonu Kahverengi Çürüklük Etmeni Monilinia laxa’ ya Karşı Organik ve İnorganik Tuzların Antifungal Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Elmada kahverengi çürüklük hastalığı (Monilinia laxa) hasat öncesi ve hasat sonrası dönemde ekonomik kayıplara neden olabilen fungal hastalıklardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, elmalarda M. laxa hastalık etmenine karşı 10 farklı organik ve inorganik tuzun (sodyum asetat, sodyum karbonat, sodyum bikarbonat, sodyum benzoat, sodyum metabisülfit, amonyum asetat, potasyum sorbat, potasyum karbonat, potasyum bikarbonat ve potasyum benzoat) in vitro denemeler ve koparılmış meyve denemeleri ile kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif olarak etkinlikleri araştırılmıştır. In vitro testlerde sodyum asetat ve amonyum asetat hariç tüm tuzlar %2’lik konsantrasyonda pozitif kontrolle (Captan 50 WP ve Thiram 80 WP) benzer etki göstererek M. laxa’nın miseliyal gelişimi tamamen engellenmiştir. Sodyum metabisülfit, fungusun misel gelişimini en düşük konsantrasyonda (%0,1) tamamen engellemiştir. Toksisite denemelerinde de sodyum metabisülfitin en düşük MIC (Minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonu) ve MFC (en düşük fungisidal konsantrasyon) değerlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. M. laxa’ya karşı farklı dozlardaki tüm tuzların tedavi edici etkileri birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, sodyum metabisülfit %0,5, 1,0 ve 2,0’lik konsantrasyonlarda kontrole göre lezyon gelişimini tamamen engelleyen en başarılı tuz olarak saptanmıştır. Sodyum benzoat ise %1,0 ve %2,0’lik konsantrasyonlarda lezyon gelişimini neredeyse tamamen engelleyen başarılı ikinci tuz olarak belirlenmiştir. M. laxa’ya karşı tuzların koruyucu etkileri değerlendirildiğinde, sodyum metabisülfitin %1,0 ve %2,0’lik konsantrasyonlarının kontrol ve diğer tuzlara göre elma meyvesi üzerinde lezyon gelişimini tamamen engelleyen en etkili tuz olduğu saptanmıştır. Aynı tuzun %0,5’lik konsantrasyonlarının da meyve enfeksiyonunu oldukça başarılı bir şekilde engellediği değerlendirilmiştir Sodyum benzoat ve potasyum benzoat %2’lik konsantrasyonları da miseliyal gelişimi engellemede başarılı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada, elmada M. laxa hastalık etmeninin depo koşullarında kontrolünde, organik ve inorganik tuzların kullanımına yönelik umut verici sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Monilya hastalığı
• Depo hastalıkları
• Organik ve inorganik tuz
• Elma

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