Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernel septum

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 87 - 96, 04.01.2023

Elif Azize Özşahin Delibaş , Esin Kıray

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1056629

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objectives: Walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernel septum (or septa) (WKS), a traditional nutraceutical material in China, has not been explored in detail. In this study, antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant-oxidant status of WKS was investigated in case it may be clinically important in the management of various complications.

Methods: The WKS was extracted with ethanol in a Soxhlet device. TPC of WKS was analysed by using Folin-Ciocalteu’s method. Antioxidant activity was obtained by using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. The antimicrobial activity of WKS was evaluated against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), one Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and one fungus (Candida albicans) strains using the agar diffusion method.

Results: The TPC of WKS was found to be 119.42 ± 2.39 mg GAE/gDW. It was determined that total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were 7.542 ± 0.389 mmol/L, 3.718 ± 0.287 µmol/L and 0.049 ± 0.001, respectively. WKS selectively inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and fungus, while S. aureus was the most susceptible one with 16 mm of inhibition zone. Gram-negative bacteria was resistant to the extract.

Conclusions: As far as we know, this paper is the first work that demonstrates the antioxidant-oxidant status of WKS by using the method described above, and moreover there are no scientific reports which have examined WKS in such a multidisciplinary experimental design. This study strongly supports the reported traditional use of WKS. Results indicated that WKS can be used as a pharmacological natural agent due to its high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Keywords

Juglans regia L, walnut kernel septum, antioxidant, total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity

References

• 1. Al-Snafi AE. Chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmcological and therapeutic importance of Juglans regia-A review. IOSR J Pharm 2018;8:1-21.
• 2. Wojdyło A, Oszmıańskı J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chem 2007;105:940-9.
• 3. Amira AM. Oxidative stress and disease: an updated review. Res J Immunol 2010;3:129-45.
• 4. Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, et al. Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Front Physiol 2020;11:694.
• 5. Kusano C, Ferrari B. Total antioxidant capacity: a biomarker in biomedical and nutritional studies. J Cell Mol Biol 2008;7:1-15.
• 6. Silva BM, Andrade PB, Valentao P, Ferreres F, Seabra RM, Ferreira MA. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and jam: antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:4705-12.
• 7. Barut Uyar B, Sürücüoğlu MS. [Biologically active components in foods]. Bes Diy Derg 2010;38:69-76. [Article in Turkish]
• 8. Taşova Y. İmmunosupresif hastalarda gelişen infeksiyonlar: sık rastlanan gram-pozitif kok enfeksiyonları. Güneş Kitabevi. Türkiye: Ankara; 2003: pp. 27-43..
• 9. Deshpande RR, Kale AA, Ruikar AD, Panvalkar RS, Kulkarni AA, Deshpande NR et al. Antimicrobial activity of different extract of Juglans regia L. against oral microflora. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011;3:200-1.
• 10. Bouabdallah I, Bouali I, Martínez-Force E, Albouchi A, Perez Camino MDC, Boukhchina S. Composition of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and polar compounds of different walnut varieties (Juglans regia L.) from Tunisia. Nat Prod Res 2014;28:1826-33.
• 11. Beiki T, Najafpour GD, Hosseini M. Evaluation of antimicrobial and dyeing properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extract for cosmetics. Color Technol 2018;134:71-81.
• 12. Ebrahimi S, Jamei R, Nojoomi F, Zamanian Z. Persian walnut composition and its ımportance in human. Health Int J Enteric Pathog 2017;6:3-9.
• 13. Pereira JA, Oliveira I, Sousa A, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Ferreira ICFR et al. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:2287-95.
• 14. RBN Prasad. Encyclopaedia of food sciences and nutrition. In: Walnuts and pecans. 2nd ed. Academic Press, USA: London; 2003: pp. 6071-9.
• 15. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 1965;16:144-58.
• 16. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 2005;38:1103-11.
• 17. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 2004;37:277-85.
• 18. Holder IA, Boyce ST. Agar well diffusion assay testing of bacterial susceptibility to various antimicrobials in concentrations non-toxic for human cells in culture. Burns 1994;20:426-9.
• 19. Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010;1:7313-52.
• 20. Hu Q, Liu J, Li J, Liu H, Dong N, Geng YY, et al. Phenolic composition and nutritional attributes of diaphragma juglandis fructus and shell of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Food Sci Biotechnol 2020;29:187-96.
• 21. Liu P, Li L, Song L, Sun X, Yan S, Huang W. Characterisation of phenolics in fruit septum of Juglans regia Linn. by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Food Chem 2019;286:669-77.
• 22. Ghiravani Z, Hosseini M, Mehdi M, Taheri H. Evaluation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of internal septum of walnut fruit in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2016;13:94-100.
• 23. Regueiro J, Sánchez-González C, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Simal-Gándara J, Lamuela-Raventós R, Izquierdo-Pulido M. Comprehensive identification of walnut polyphenols by liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014;152:340-8.
• 24. Abe LT, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI. Comparison of phenol content and antioxidant capacity of nuts. Cienc Tecnol Aliment 2010;30:254-25.
• 25. Vinson JA, Cai Y. Nuts, especially walnuts, have both antioxidant quantity and efficacy and exhibit significant potential health benefits. Food Funct 2012;3:134-40.
• 26. Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Ostadrahimi A, Tabibiazar M, Amarowicz R. A comparative review on the extraction, antioxidant content and antioxidant potential of different parts of walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit and tree. Molecules 2019;24:2133.
• 27. Akbari V, Jamei R, Heidari R, Esfahlan AJ. Antiradical activity of different parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit as a function of genotype. Food Chem 2012;135: 2404-10.
• 28. Popovici C. Soxhlet extraction and characterisation of natural compounds from walnut (Juglans regia L.) by-products. Ukr Food J 2013;2:328-36.
• 29. Rusu ME, Gheldiu AM, Mocan A, Moldovan C, Popa DS, Tomuta I, et al. Process optimization for improved phenolic compounds recovery from walnut (Juglans regia L.) Septum: phytochemical profile and biological activities. Molecules 2018;23:2814.
• 30. Aminjan HH, Abtahi SR, Hazrati E, Chamanara M, Jalili M, Paknejad B. Targeting of oxidative stress and inflammation through ROS/NF-kappaB pathway in phosphine-induced hepatotoxicity mitigation. Life Sci 2019;232:116607.
• 31. Prior RL, Cao G. In vivo total antioxidant capacity: comparison of different analytical methods. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;27:1173-81.
• 32. Kusano C, Ferrari B. Total antioxidant capacity: a biomarker in biomedical and nutritional studies. J Cell Mol Biol 2008;7:1-15.
• 33. Chibane LB, Degraeve P, Ferhout H, Bouajila J, Oulahal N. Plant antimicrobial polyphenols as potential natural food preservatives. J Sci Food Agric 2019;99:1457-74.
• 34. Ustundag Y, Huysal K, Kahvecioglu S, Demirci H, Yavuz S, Sambel M, et al. Establishing reference values and evaluation of an in-house ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) colorimetric assay in microplates. Eur Res J 2016;2:126-31.
• 35. Cao G, Booth SL, Sadowski JA, Prior RL. Increases in human plasma antioxidant capacity after consumption of controlled diets high in fruit and vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1081-7.
• 36. Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci 1993;84:407-12.
• 37. MacDonald-Wıcks LK, Wood LG, Garg ML. Methodology for the determination of biological antioxidant capacity in vitro: a review. J Sci Food Agric 2006;86:2046-56.
• 38. Mohammed FS, Şabik AE, Sevindik E, Pehlivan M, Sevindik M. Determination of antioxidant and oxidant potentials of thymbra spicata collected from Duhok-Iraq. Turkish J Agric Food Sci Technol 2020;8:1171-3.
• 39. Saraç H, Demirbaş A, Durna S, Ata M. [Evaluation of nutrients and biological activities of kenger (Gundellia tournefortii L.) seeds cultivated in Sivas province]. Turkish J Agric Food Sci Technol 2019;7:52-8. [Article in Turkish]
• 40. Durna Daştan S, Durukan H, Demirbaş A, Dönmez E. [Bioactivity and therapeutic properties of evelik (Rumex crispus), a naturally growing and edible plant in Sivas province]. Turkish J Agric Food Sci Technol 2019;7:67-71. [Article in Turkish]
• 41. Muzaffer U, Paul VI. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of male flower of Juglans regia L. Int J Food Prop 2018;21:345-56.
• 42. Wang D, Mu Y, Dong H, Yan H, Hao C, Wang X, et al. Chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract from diaphragma juglandis fructus and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production in vitro. Molecules 2017;23:72.
• 43. Meng Q, Li Y, Xiao T, Zhang L, Xu D. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of polysaccharides isolated and purified from Diaphragma juglandis fructus. Int J Biol Macromol 2017;105:431-7.
• 44. Ghiravani Z, Hassanzadeh-Taheri M, Hassanzadeh-Taheri M, Hosseini M. Internal septum of walnut kernel: a neglected functional food. Res J Pharmacogn 2020;7:81-92.
• 45. Li H, Horke S, Förstermann U. Oxidative stress in vascular disease and its pharmacological prevention. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013;34:313-9.
• 46. Okunade AL, Elvin-Lewis MPF, Lewis WH. Natural antimycobacterial metabolites: current status. Phytochemistry 2004;65:1017-32.
• 47. Zoral FB, Turgay Ö. [A research on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects of various food wastes]. KSÜ Doğa Bilim Derg 2014;17:24-33. [Article in Turkish]
• 48. Kavak DD, Altiok E, Bayraktar O, Ülkü S. Pistacia terebinthus extract: as a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and possible β-glucuronidase inhibitor. J Mol Catal B Enzym 2010;64:167-71.
• 49. Acquaviva R, D’Angeli F, Malfa GA, Ronsisvalle S, Garozzo A, Stivala A, et al. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of walnut pellicle extract (Juglans regia L.) against coagulase-negative staphylococci. Nat Prod Res 2021;35:2076-81.
• 50. Genovese C, Cambria MT, D’Angeli F, Addamo AP, Malfa GA, Siracusa L, et al. The double effect of walnut septum extract (Juglans regia L.) counteracts A172 glioblastoma cell survival and bacterial growth. Int J Oncol 2020;57:1129-44.
• 51. Rusu ME, Fizesan I, Pop A, Mocan A, Gheldiu AM, Babota M, et al. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) septum: assessment of bioactive molecules and in vitro biological effects. Molecules 2020;25:2187.