Antibody-depent Immunopathology, Monoclonal Antibodies and Mutations in COVID-19

Abstract

The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic which is the etiological agent of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has influenced the whole world with the current and possible results. In order to intervene on COVID-19 and to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection, a vaccine design and identification of potential therapeutics and/or targets are a priority. The humoral immune responses to viral infections have critical importance for the clearance of pathogens and also to protect from reinfections. However, particularly low affinity antibodies can cause an immune pathology known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE can cause important adversity especially for vaccine designs. Human monoclonal antibody with neutralizing activity is an alternative option in the treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. So, research is ongoing to identify therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Identification and understanding of the dynamics of viral mutations is of critical importance to the course and control of the outbreak. Due to the lack of error correction activity of RNA virus polymerases, similar to other RNA viruses of SARS-CoV-2 is expected to have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses. For all the direction and effects of viral mutations occurring during the pandemic are difficult to predict. This review aimed to examine scientific data about ADE, monoclonal antibodies and the possible effects of mutations on the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords

• Coronavirus
• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19
• antibody-dependent enhancement
• monoclonal antibodies
• viral mutations
• natural selection

COVID-19’da Antikor Bağımlı İmmünpataloji, Monoklonal Antikorlar ve Mutasyonlar

Abstract

Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu ilişkili bir koronavirusun (SARSCoV-2) etiyolojik etken olduğu koronavirus 19 hastalığı (COVID-19) pandemisi mevcut ve olası sonuçları ile tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almıştır. COVID-19 ile mücadelede ve SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonun önlenmesinde aşı dizaynı ve potansiyel terapötiklerin veya hedeflerin belirlenmesi önceliklidir. Viral enfeksiyonlara karşı oluşan hümoral immun yanıt patojenlerin temizlenmesi ve yeniden bulaşmadan korunmak icin kritik öneme sahiptir. Buna karşın özellikle düşük afiniteli antikorlar, antikor bağımlı alevlenme (ADE) olarak bilinen immün patolojilere neden olabilirler. ADE özellikle aşı tasarımı için önemli sıkıntılara neden olabilir. Nötralizan etkinliğe sahip insan monoklonal antikorları SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunun tedavisinde alternatif bir seçenek oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunun tedavisindeki terapotik monoklonal antikorları tanımlamaya yönelik araştırmalar halen devam etmektedir. Viral mutasyonların tanımlanması ve dinamiğinin anlaşılması salgının seyri ve kontrolü için kritik öneme sahiptir. RNA virüslerinin polimeraz enzimlerinin hata düzeltme aktivitesinin eksik olması nedeniyle SARS-CoV-2’nin de diğer RNA virüslerine benzer olarak mutasyon oranlarının DNA virüslerine göre daha yüksek olması beklenir. Buna karşın pandemi sürecinde meydana gelen viral mutasyonların yönünü ve etkilerini öngörmek zordur. Bu derlemede ADE, monoklonal antikorlar ve mutasyonların COVID-19 pandemisi üzerine olası etkilerine yönelik bilimsel verilerin irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Koronavirüs
• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19
• antikor bağımlı alevlenme
• monoklonal antikor
• viral mutasyonlar
• doğal seleksiyon

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