İmalat Sanayinde Dikey Uzmanlaşma: Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerine Yönelik Bulgular

Öz

Küreselleşme eğilimlerinin hız kazanmasıyla 1980 sonrası dönemde dünya ekonomisinde meydana gelen önemli dönüşümlerden biri de üretimin uluslararası parçalanmasıdır. Üretimin uluslararası parçalanması, bir nihai malın üretiminde birden fazla ülkenin üretim sürecinde farklı aşamalarında (dikey uzmanlaşma) farklı aşamaların yer alması ve bu süreçten katma değer sağlaması anlamına gelmektedir. Post-sosyalist ülkeler olarak tanımlanan Orta ve Doğu Avrupa (ODA) ülkeleri de özellikle Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla küresel üretim sürecine katılım eğilimleri artmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın teme amacı 2004 yılında AB’ye üye olana ODA ülkelerinin uluslararası üretimin parçalanma sürecine ne ölçüde katılım sağladığını analiz etmektir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda Hummels, Ishii & Yi (2001) tarafından önerilen HIY yöntemi kullanılarak analiz yapılmıştır. HIY yöntemini uygulamak için ülkelerin 2000-2014 dönemine ait ulusal girdi-çıktı tablolarından (NIOT) yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ODA ülkelerinde dikey uzmanlaşma oranı 2008-2009 küresel finans kriz döneminde azalmakla birlikte çalışma dönemi boyunca artış gösterdiği görülmüştür. Dikey uzmanlaşma oranının en yüksek olduğu ülkeler sırasıyla Macaristan, Slovakya, Estonya, Slovenya, Litvanya, Polonya ve Letonya’dır. İmalat sanayisine yönelik yapılan analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre dikey uzmanlaşmanın en yüksek olduğu ülkeler sırasıyla Macaristan, Estonya, Slovakya, Letonya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Slovenya, Polonya ve Litvanya’dır. Ayrıca Estonya, Macaristan, Letonya ve Polonya’da imalat sanayisindeki dikey uzmanlaşma oranı toplam ekonomideki dikey uzmanlaşma oranından daha yüksektir. Son olarak dikey uzmanlaşma Çek Cumhuriyeti, Letonya, Litvanya ve Polonya’da orta-düşük teknolojili sektörlerde daha yüksek iken, Estonya, Macaristan, Slovakya ve Slovenya’da ise orta-yüksek ve yüksek teknolojili sektörlerde daha yüksektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dikey Uzmanlaşma
• İmalat Sanayi
• Girdi-Çıktı Analizi

Vertical Specialization in Manufacturing Industry: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECS)

Abstract

Since 1980 with the accelerating trends of globalization, the international fragmentation of production was one of the drastic transformations that occurred in the world economy. It is defined as the process whereby more than one country participates in previously integrated production activities (vertical specialization) involved in producing a final good. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the post-socialist Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) boost their participation in global production networks. The main motivation of this paper is analyzing the extent to which the CEECs that joined the EU in 2004 (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) are involved in the global production process. Based on the World Input-Output Database (WIOD); HIY method proposed by Hummels, Ishii & Yi (2001) is applied to the national input-output tables (NIOTs) of CEECs to estimate the manufacturing industries’ vertical specialization rate during 2000-2014. The results revealed that the CEECs’ vertical specialization rate increased during 2000-2014 but decreased during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. The highest rate was respectively accounted for Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. The countries with the highest manufacturing industry’s vertical specialization were Hungary, Estonia, Slovakia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland and Lithuania, respectively. The manufacturing industries’ vertical specialization rate in Estonia, Hungary, Latvia and Poland was higher than that of the entire economy. Finally, in the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland; higher rates were accounted for the medium-low technology sectors, but for medium-high and high-tech sectors in Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia.

Keywords

• Vertical Specialization
• Manufacturing Industry
• Input-Output Analysis

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