İmalat Sanayinde Dikey Uzmanlaşma: Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerine Yönelik Bulgular

Yıl 2022, , 1568 - 1586, 14.09.2022

Şahin Nas , Maya Moalla

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1069470

Öz

Küreselleşme eğilimlerinin hız kazanmasıyla 1980 sonrası dönemde dünya ekonomisinde meydana gelen önemli dönüşümlerden biri de üretimin uluslararası parçalanmasıdır. Üretimin uluslararası parçalanması, bir nihai malın üretiminde birden fazla ülkenin üretim sürecinde farklı aşamalarında (dikey uzmanlaşma) farklı aşamaların yer alması ve bu süreçten katma değer sağlaması anlamına gelmektedir. Post-sosyalist ülkeler olarak tanımlanan Orta ve Doğu Avrupa (ODA) ülkeleri de özellikle Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla küresel üretim sürecine katılım eğilimleri artmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın teme amacı 2004 yılında AB’ye üye olana ODA ülkelerinin uluslararası üretimin parçalanma sürecine ne ölçüde katılım sağladığını analiz etmektir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda Hummels, Ishii & Yi (2001) tarafından önerilen HIY yöntemi kullanılarak analiz yapılmıştır. HIY yöntemini uygulamak için ülkelerin 2000-2014 dönemine ait ulusal girdi-çıktı tablolarından (NIOT) yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ODA ülkelerinde dikey uzmanlaşma oranı 2008-2009 küresel finans kriz döneminde azalmakla birlikte çalışma dönemi boyunca artış gösterdiği görülmüştür. Dikey uzmanlaşma oranının en yüksek olduğu ülkeler sırasıyla Macaristan, Slovakya, Estonya, Slovenya, Litvanya, Polonya ve Letonya’dır. İmalat sanayisine yönelik yapılan analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre dikey uzmanlaşmanın en yüksek olduğu ülkeler sırasıyla Macaristan, Estonya, Slovakya, Letonya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Slovenya, Polonya ve Litvanya’dır. Ayrıca Estonya, Macaristan, Letonya ve Polonya’da imalat sanayisindeki dikey uzmanlaşma oranı toplam ekonomideki dikey uzmanlaşma oranından daha yüksektir. Son olarak dikey uzmanlaşma Çek Cumhuriyeti, Letonya, Litvanya ve Polonya’da orta-düşük teknolojili sektörlerde daha yüksek iken, Estonya, Macaristan, Slovakya ve Slovenya’da ise orta-yüksek ve yüksek teknolojili sektörlerde daha yüksektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dikey Uzmanlaşma, İmalat Sanayi, Girdi-Çıktı Analizi

Vertical Specialization in Manufacturing Industry: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECS)

Öz

Since 1980 with the accelerating trends of globalization, the international fragmentation of production was one of the drastic transformations that occurred in the world economy. It is defined as the process whereby more than one country participates in previously integrated production activities (vertical specialization) involved in producing a final good. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the post-socialist Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) boost their participation in global production networks. The main motivation of this paper is analyzing the extent to which the CEECs that joined the EU in 2004 (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) are involved in the global production process. Based on the World Input-Output Database (WIOD); HIY method proposed by Hummels, Ishii & Yi (2001) is applied to the national input-output tables (NIOTs) of CEECs to estimate the manufacturing industries’ vertical specialization rate during 2000-2014. The results revealed that the CEECs’ vertical specialization rate increased during 2000-2014 but decreased during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. The highest rate was respectively accounted for Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. The countries with the highest manufacturing industry’s vertical specialization were Hungary, Estonia, Slovakia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland and Lithuania, respectively. The manufacturing industries’ vertical specialization rate in Estonia, Hungary, Latvia and Poland was higher than that of the entire economy. Finally, in the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland; higher rates were accounted for the medium-low technology sectors, but for medium-high and high-tech sectors in Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vertical Specialization, Manufacturing Industry, Input-Output Analysis

Kaynakça

• Amador, J., Cappariello, R. & Stehrer, R. (2015). Global Value Chains: A View from the Euro Area. Asian Economic Journal, 29(2), 99-120. doi:10.1111/asej.12050
• Ambroziak, L. (2018). The CECs in Global Value Chains: The Role of Germany. Acta Oeconomica, 68(1), 1-29. doi:10.1556/032.2018.68.1.1
• Aydoğuş, O. (2015). Girdi-Çıktı Modellerine Giriş (4. b.). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
• Chen, H., Kondratowicz, M. & Yi, K.-M. (2005). Vertical Specialization and Three Facts About U.S. International Trade. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 16, 35-59. doi:10.1016/j.najef.2004.12.004
• Cieślik, E. (2014). Post-Communist European Countries in Global Value Chains. Ekonomika, 93(3), 25-38. doi:10.15388/Ekon.2014.0.3886
• Cieślik, E., Biegańska, J. & Środa-Murawska, S. (2016). The Intensification of Foreign Trade in Post-Socialist Countries and Their Role in Global Value Chains. Acta Oeconomica, 66(3), 465-487. doi:10.1556/032.2016.66.3.5
• Cieślik, E., Biegańska, J. & Środa-Murawska, S. (2021). Central and Eastern European States from an International Perspective: Economic Potential and Paths of Participation in Global Value Chains. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 57, 3587-3603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1602519
• Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A. & Ruta, M. (2019). Does Vertical Specialisation Increase Productivity?. The World Economy, 42, 2385-2402. doi:10.1111/twec.12801
• Dağıstan, N. (2019). Türkiye'nin Dış Ticaretindeki Dikey Uzmanlaşmanın Girdi-Çıktı Modeli ile Analizi. Fiscaoeconomia, 3(2), 1-20. doi:10.25295/fsecon.2019.02.001
• Damijan, J., Kostevc, Č. & Rojec, M. (2013). Global Supply Chains at Work in Central and Eastern European Countries: Impact of FDI on Export Restructuring and Productivity Growth. VIVES Discussion Paper 37. Belgium: Vlaams Instituut voor Economie end Samenleving. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2287550
• Dean, J. M., Fung, K. C. & Wang, Z. (2011). Measuring Vertical Specialization: The Case of China. Review of International Economics, 19(4), 609-625. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00969.x
• Dean, J., Fung, K. C. & Wang, Z. (2008). Measuring the Vertical Specialization in Chinese Trade. Workin Paper, No. 08-06. University of California, Santa Cruz: Institute for International Economics. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/64058 adresinden alındı
• Duan, Y., Dietzanbacher, E., Jiang, X., Chen, X. & Yang, C. (2018). Why Has China's Vertical Specialization Declined? Economic System Research, 30(2), 178-200. doi:10.1080/09535314.2018.1431610
• Egger, H. & Egger, P. (2005). The Determinants of EU Processing Trade. The World Economy, 28(2), 147-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00679.x
• Gerőcs, T. & Pinkasz, A. (2019). Relocation, Standardization and Vertical Specialization: Core–Periphery Relations In the European Automotive Value Chain. Society and Economy, 41(2), 171-192. doi:10.1556/204.2019.001
• Hummels, D., Ishii, J. & Yi, K.-M. (2001). The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specilization in World Trade. Journal of International Economics, 54, 75-96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3
• Hummels, D., Rapoport, D. & Yi, K.-M. (1998). Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 4(2), 79-99. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1023939 adresinden alındı
• Kaplan, L. C., Kohl, T. & Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2017). Supply-Chain Trade and Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of the 2004 European Union Enlargement. Review of International Economics, 26(2), 481-5076. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12339
• Kordalska, A. & Olczyk, M. (2021). Linkages Between Services and Manufacturing as a New Channel for GVC Development: Evidence from CEE Countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 58, 125-137. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.05.003
• Lamonica, G. R., Salvati, L. & Carlucci, M. (2020). Vertical Specialization Across the World: Evidence from the World Input-Output Table. Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, 74(1), 17-28. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ite/iteeco/200101.html adresinden alındı
• Liu, B., Wang, D., Xu, Y., Liu, C. & Luther, M. (2018). Vertical Specialisation Measurement of Energy Embodied in International Trade of the Construction Industry. Energy, 165, 689-700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.151
• Miller, R. E. & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-Output Analysis Foundation and Extensions (2b.). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Neumann, R. & Tabrizy, S. S. (2021). Exchange Rates and Trade Balances: Effects of Intra-Industry Trade and Vertical Specialization. Open Economies Review, 32, 613-647. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-020-09612-4
• Olczyk, M. & Kordalska, A. (2017). Gross Exports Versus Value-Added Exports: Determinants and Policy Implications for Manufacturing Sectors in Selected CEE Countries. Eastern European Economics, 55, 91-109. doi:10.1080/00128775.2016.1254564
• Padilla, M. A., Handoyo, R. D., Sugiharti, L. & Muryani , M. (2019). Production Networks Under the ASEAN Plus Six: A Good Deal or a Threat?. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(1), 81-91. doi:http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.1(7)
• Purwono, R., Esquivias, M. A., Sugiharti, L., Heriqbaldi, U., Handoyo, R. D. & Airlangga, U. (2021). Value Chains, Production Networks and Regional Integration: The Case of Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 54(1), 135-151. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2020-5401-10
• Sharma, K. & Wei, W. (2014). Foreign Investment and Vertical Specialisation: Emerging Trends in Chinese Exports. Economic Papers, 33(3), 285-294. doi:10.1111/1759-3441.12084
• Soyyiğit, S. (2019). Sektörel Katma Değer ve Yapısal Dönüşüm İlişkisi: CEE Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 377-393. http://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/45599/511710 adresinden alındı
• Stojčić, N. & Aralica, Z. (2018). (De)industrialisation and Lessons for Industrial Policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Post-Communist Economies, 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2018.1443251
• Szymczak, S., Parteka, A. & Wolszczak-Derlacz, J. (2022). Position in Global Value Chains and Wages in Central and Eastern European Countries. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 28(2), 211-230. doi:10.1177/09596801211053798
• Vrh, N. (2017). The Convergence in Domestic Value-Added of Exports in the EU. Post-Communist Economies, 29(3), 205-430. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2017.1319107
• Yang, C., Dietzenbacher, E., Pei, J., Chen, X., Zhu, K. & Tang, Z. (2015). Processing Trade Biases the Measurement of Vertical Specialization in China. Economic Systems Research, 27(1), 60-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2014.955463
• Yi, J. & Liu, M. (2019). Relating Vertical Specialization to Indigenous Technological Capability Growth: The Case of China. The Chinese Economy, 52(6), 449-463. doi:10.1080/10971475.2019.1617951
• Yu, C. & Luo, Z. (2018). What Are China's Real Gains within Global Value Chains? Measuring Domestic Value Added in China's Exports of Manufactures. China Economic Review, 47, 263-273. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.08.010