Ecological Footprint Convergence in ASEAN-5 Countries: Suradf And Surkss Unit Root Test

Yıl 2022, , 1018 - 1035, 14.09.2022

Havanur Ergün Tatar

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1071194

Öz

The ecological footprint is helpful in observing the impact of human activities on the environment. Especially considering the importance of the concept of sustainable environment and the environmental policies of the countries, the ecological footprint is a comprehensive indicator. In this study, instead of CO2, carbon footprint is preferred as an indicator to analyze environmental pollution from a broader perspective. In addition, ecological footprint convergence is examined with a different method. At this point, it is expected that the study will contribute to the literature. In the study, ecological footprint convergence is analyzed in ASEAN-5 countries. For this, the period 1973-2017 is chosen. In the study, SURADF and SURKSS unit root analyzes are performed. According to the end of the analysis, it has been determined that the ecological footprint is stable in all countries examined. In other words, convergence has proven to be valid in ASEAN-5 countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ASEAN-5, Ecological Footprint, Convergence, SURADF, SURKSS.

ASEAN-5 Ülkelerinde Ekolojik Ayak İzi Yakınsaması: Suradf Ve Surkss Birim Kök Testi

Öz

Ekolojik ayak izi, insan faaliyetlerinin çevre üzerindeki etkisini gözlemlemede yardımcı olmaktadır. Özellikle sürdürülebilir çevre kavramının ve ülkelere ait çevre politikalarının önemi düşünüldüğünde, ekolojik ayak izi kapsamlı bir gösterge niteliğindedir. Bu çalışmada, çevre kirliliğini daha geniş perspektiften analiz etmek için CO2 yerine, karbon ayak izi gösterge olarak tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca ekolojik ayak izi yakınsaması, farklı bir yöntemle incelenmiştir. Bu noktada çalışmanın, literatüre katkı sunacağı beklenmektedir. Çalışmada ASEAN-5 ülkelerinde, ekolojik ayak izi yakınsaması analiz edilmektedir. Bunun için 1973-2017 dönemi seçilmiştir. Çalışmada, SURADF ve SURKSS birim kök incelemesi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuna göre, incelenen tüm ülkelerde ekolojik ayak izinin durağan olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir değişle, ASEAN-5 ülkelerinde yakınsamanın geçerli olduğu ispatlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ASEAN-5, Ekolojik Ayak İzi, Yakınsama, SURADF, SURKSS.

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, M., Khanc, A. M., Bibid, S., & Zakaria, M. (2017). Convergence of per capita CO2 emissions across the globe: Insights via wavelet analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 86–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.053
• Aslan, A. (2009). Kişi başına karbon dioksit emisyon yakınsama analizi: 1950-2004. Ege Academic Review, 9(4).
• Barassi MR, Cole MA., & Elliott RJ. (2011). The stochastic convergence of CO 2 emissions: a long memory approach. Environ Resour Econ, 49(3), 367–385.
• Bhat, J. A. (2018). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption—impact on economic growth and CO 2 emissions in five emerging market economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(35), 35515-35530.
• Bilgili, F., & Ulucak, R. (2018). Is there deterministic, stochastic, and/or club convergence in ecological footprint indicator among G20 countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(35), 35404-35419.
• Breuer, J. B., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. S. (2001). Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit‐Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity. Review of International Economics, 9(3), 482-493. doi: 10.1111/1467-9396.00294
• Breuer, J. B., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series‐Specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 64(5), 527-546. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00588.x
• Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., & Ivanovski, K. (2020). Stochastic convergence in per capita CO2 emissions: Evidence from emerging economies, 1921–2014. Energy economics, 86, 104659.
• Destek, M.A. and Sarkodie, S.A. (2019), Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. The Science of the Total Environment, 650(2), 2483-2489. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017.
• Erdoğan, S., & Okumuş, I. (2021). Stochastic and club convergence of ecological footprint: an empirical analysis for different income group of countries. Ecological Indicators, 121, 107123.
• Ezcurra, R. (2007). Is there Cross-Country Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Energy Policy, 35(2), 1363-1372.
• Galli, A., Wiedmann, T., Ercin, E., Knoblauch, D., Ewing, B., & Giljum, S. (2012). Integrating ecological, carbon and water footprint into a “footprint family” of indicators: definition and role in tracking human pressure on the planet. Ecological indicators, 16, 100-112.
• Global Footprint Network (2022). Ecological footprint. Retrieved from http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/
• Haider, S., & Akram, V. (2019). Club convergence analysis of ecological and carbon footprint: evidence from a cross-country analysis. Carbon Management, 10(5), 451-463.
• Işık, C., Ahmad, M., Ongan, S., Özdemir, D., Irfan, M., & Alvarado, R. (2021). Convergence analysis of the ecological footprint: theory and empirical evidence from the USMCA countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12.
• Jobert T, Karanfil F, Tykhonenko A. (2010). Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the EU: legend or reality?, Energy Econ. 32(6), 1364–1373.
• Kapetanios G., Shin Y. ve Snell A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework. Journal of Econometrics, 112, 359-379. Doi: 10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00202-6.
• Konat, G. (2021). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde Dış Borç Sürdürülebilirlik Analizi: Doğrusal Olmayan Panel Birim Kök Testi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(3), 1725-1734.
• Konat, G., Gökçe, M., & Kızılkaya, F. (2019). AB Ülkelerinin Yakınsaması: Suradf ve Surkss Birim Kök Testi. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (31), 63-75.
• Li, X., & Lin, B. (2013). Global convergence in per capita CO2 emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 357-363.
• Liao, S., Huang, M., & Wang, L. (2011). Mean-reverting behavior of consumptionincome ratio in OECD countries: evidence from SURADF panel unit root tests. Economics Bulletin, 31(1), 679-686.
• Lin, J., Inglesi-Lotz, R., & Chang, T. (2018). Revisiting CO2 emissions convergence in G18 countries. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 13(5), 269-280.
• Özcan, B., Ulucak, R., & Doğan, E. (2019). Analyzing long lasting effects of environmental policies: Evidence from low, middle and high income economies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, 130-143.
• Özsoy, C. E., & Dinç, A., (2016). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (619), 35-55.
• Shukla, A., & Sharma, A. (Eds.). (2016). Energy security and sustainability. CRC Press.
• Solarin, S. A. (2019). Convergence in CO 2 emissions, carbon footprint and ecological footprint: evidence from OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(6), 6167-6181.
• Solow, Robert M., (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth source. Q. J. Econ. 70 (1), 65–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513
• Tillaguango, B., Alvarado, R., Dagar, V., Murshed, M., Pinzón, Y., & Méndez, P. (2021). Convergence of the ecological footprint in Latin America: the role of the productive structure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13.
• Tosunoğlu, B.T. (2014). Sürdürülebilir küresel refah göstergesi olarak ekolojik ayak izi. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(5), 132-149.
• Uddin, G. A., Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., & Gow, J. (2017). Ecological footprint and real income: panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecological Indicators, 77, 166-175.
• Wu, J. L., & Lee, H. Y. (2009). A revisit to the non-linear mean reversion of real exchange rates: evidence from a series-specific non-linear panel unit-root test. Journal of Macroeconomics, 31(4), 591-601.
• WWF (2012). Türkiye’nin ekolojik ayak izi raporu 2012. Türkiye: Türkiye Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı.
• WWF (2018), Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming Higher, in Grooten, M. and Almond, R.E.A. (Eds), WWF, Gland.
• Yavuz, N. C., & Yılancı, V. (2013). Convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions among G7 countries: a TAR panel unit root approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 54(2), 283-291.
• Yazıcı, B. E., & Çil, N., (2021). Avrupa Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu Yakınsamasının Fourier Koentegrasyon Testi ile Analizi. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (35), 1-11.
• Yılancı, V. (2012). Mean reversion in stock prices of G7 countries: evidence from panel SURADF and panel SURKSS tests. Актуальні проблеми економіки, (5), 380-385.
• Yılancı, V., & Pata, U. K. (2020). Convergence of per capita ecological footprint among the ASEAN-5 countries: evidence from a non-linear panel unit root test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178.
• Yılancı, V., Görüş, M. S., & Solarin, S. A. (2021). Convergence in per capita carbon footprint and ecological footprint for G7 countries: Evidence from panel Fourier threshold unit root test. Energy & Environment, 0958305X211011461.
• Yurtkuran, S. (2020). N11 ülkelerinde ekolojik ayak izi yakınsaması: Fourier durağanlık testinden yeni kanıtlar. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 6(2), 191-210.