Examination of Core Muscle Activation in the Yeop Chagi Kick Applied to Different Heights

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the core muscle activation during the execution of the Taekwondo Yeop Chagi technique applied at three different heights. A total of 18 voluntary male and female athletes (9 males and 9 females) aged 18-30, who have been members of the Turkish national team in the Poomsae category and have competed at national and international levels for the past five years, participated in the research. Noraxon Ultium surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure muscle activation of the athletes. sEMG channels and electrodes were placed on selected muscles of the core region. Athletes executed Yeop Chagi kicks with their dominant kicking leg (right), targeting the waist, head, and maximum height, and the highest scores were recorded. Amplitudes obtained after filtering raw data were reported in microvolts (µV). The collected data were subjected to Friedman test and pairwise comparisons (post hoc) tests using SPSS 25.0 package program. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in height between waist and head regions for all muscles measured in terms of activation. However, significant differences were found between head and maximum heights, and between waist and maximum heights (greater contraction at maximum height) (p<.05). Based on the statistical analyses conducted, it is possible to say that the activation of core muscles increases with the height of the Yeop Chagi technique. However, further research is recommended to explore the role of athletes' core stabilization performance parameters and core strength in this activation.

Keywords

• Taekwondo
• Yeop Chagi
• Core
• Muscle Activation

Farklı Yüksekliklere Uygulanan Yeop Chagi Tekmesinde Core Kas Aktivasyonunun İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı üç farklı yüksekliğe uygulanan Taekwondo Yeop Chagi tekniği sırasında oluşan core bölgesi kas aktivasyonunu incelemektir. Araştırmaya son beş yıldır Poomsae kategorisi Türk milli takımında yer alan, 18-30 yaş grubunda ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde yarışan gönüllü 9 erkek ve 9 kadın (toplam 18) sporcu katılmıştır. Sporcuların kas aktivasyon ölçümleri için Noraxon Ultium EMG yüzeysel elektromyografi (sEMG) kullanılmıştır. sEMG kanalları ve elektrotlar core bölgesindeki seçili kaslara yerleştirilmiştir. Sporcular, tercih ettikleri baskın tekme bacaklarıyla (sağ) bel bölgesi, baş bölgesi ve maksimum yükseklikte Yeop Chagi tekmesi uygulamış ve en yüksek skorlar kaydedilmiştir. Ham verilerin filtrelenmesi sonucu elde edilen amplitüdler mikro volt (µV) cinsinde raporlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25.0 paket programında Friedman testine ve ikili karşılaştırmalar (post hoc) testlerine tabi tutulmuştur. İstatistiksel analiz sonucunda aktivasyon ölçümü yapılmış tüm kaslarda bel- baş bölgesi yükseklikleri arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmazken baş- maksimum yükseklikler arasında ve bel- maksimum yükseklikler arasında (maksimum yükseklikte daha fazla kasılma) anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p<.05). Yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda, core kaslarının Yeop Chagi tekniğinin yüksekliğine bağlı olarak aktivasyonun arttığını söylemek mümkün olmakla birlikte sporcuların core stabilizasyon performans parametrelerinin ve core kuvvetlerinin bu aktivasyondaki rolünün daha fazla araştırılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Taekwondo
• Yeop Chagi
• Core
• Kas Aktivasyonu

References

1. Aginsky, K. D., Keen, K. ve Neophytou, N. (2022). Does transversus abdominis function correlate with prone plank and bench bridge holding time in club cricket players?. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2022/v34i1a12984
2. Aruin, A. S. ve Latash, M. L. (1995). Directional specificity of postural muscles in feedforward postural reaction during fast voluntary arm movements. Exp. Brain Res., 103(2), 323-332.
3. Bhandari, P. (2017). Results of distal nerve transfers in restoration of shoulder function in c5 and c6 root avulsion injury to the brachial plexus. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma, 14(01), 021-025. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604050
4. Bliven, K. ve Anderson, B. (2013). Core stability training for injury prevention. Sports Health a Multidisciplinary Approach, 5(6), 514-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738113481200
5. Borreani, S., Colado, J. C., Furio, J., Martín, F. F. ve Tella, V. (2014). Muscle activation in young men during a lower limb aquatic resistance exercise with different devices. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 42(2), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2014.05.2060
6. Bouhlel, E., Jouini, A., Gmada, N., Nefzi, A. ve Ben Abdallah, K. (2006). Heart rate and blood lactate responses during Taekwondo training and competition. Science Sports, 21, 285-290.
7. Bridge, C. A., Jones, M. A. ve Drust, B. (2009). Physiological responses and perceived exertion during international Taekwondo competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4, 485-493.
8. Bridge, C. A., McNaughton, L. R., Close, G. L. ve Drust, B. (2013). Taekwondo exercise protocols do not recreate the physiological responses of championship combat. Internatioanl Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 573-581.

9. Cho, H., Sim, H., Kim, D., Lim, M. ve Lee, S. (2018). Paralysis of the rectus abdominis muscle after a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 24(1), 40-42. https://doi.org/10.5761/atcs.cr.17-00103
10. Dönmez, G., Ak, E., Ödek, U., Özberk, N. ve Korkusuz, F. (2014). Sporda hareket analizi. Türk Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Birliği Derneği Dergisi, 13, 369-380.
11. Ekstrom, R., Donatelli, R. ve Soderberg, G. (2003). Surface electromyographic analysis of exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 33(5), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.5.247
12. Ervilha, U., Fernandes, F., Souza, C. ve Hamill, J. (2018). Reaction time and muscle activation patterns in elite and novice athletes performing a taekwondo kick. Sports Biomechanics, 19(5), 665-677. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1515244
13. Ete, G., Mj, F. C., Kingsly, P. M., Akamanchi, A. K. ve Agarwal, S. (2022). Abdominal wall reconstruction in adults with exstrophy of the bladder. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 89(6), 675-678. https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000003278
14. Henry, S. M. ve Westervelt, K. (2005). The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects. Journal of Orthopaedic &Amp; Sports Physical Therapy, 35(6), 338-345. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.338
15. Hermens-Freriks, H. J. B., Disselhorst-Klug, C. ve Rau, G. (2000), Development of recommendations for semg sensors and sensor placement procedures. Journal of electromyography and Kinesiology, 10(5), 361-374.
16. Hetzler, R. K., Knowlton, R. G., Brown, D. D. ve Noakes, T. A. (1989). The effect of voluntary ventilation on acid-base responses to a Moo Duk Tkow form. Research Quarterly Exercise and Sport, 60, 77-80.
17. Hides, J., Stanton, W. R., Freke, M., Wilson, S. J., McMahon, S. ve Richardson, C. A. (2008). Mri study of the size, symmetry and function of the trunk muscles among elite cricketers with and without low back pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(10), 509-513. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007
18. Hirashima, M., Kadota, H., Sakurai, S., Kudo, K. ve Ohtsuki, T. (2002). Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102753576071
19. Hodges, P., Cresswell, A. ve Thorstensson, A. (1999). Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement. Exp. Brain Res., 124 (1), 69–79.
20. İkiz, Z. (2009). Bilateral absence of the tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis muscle. Anatomy International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy, 3, 69-71. https://doi.org/10.2399/ana.09.015
21. Kang, I. P. (2005). Comparative analysis of taekwondo certified poomsae and creative poomsae (Master's Thesis). Graduate School of Humanities, Chubu University, Kasugai, 115-118.
22. Kim, H. ve Son, H. (2021). Comparison of the abdominal muscle thickness during abdominal hollowing exercise according to the visual feedback method. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 16(3), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2021.16.3.107
23. Kumar, V., Patel, J. D., Sharma, C. ve Inkhiya, S. (2018). Morphometric study of inguinal canal on cadaver. International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 6(2.1), 5172-5175. https://doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.147
24. Lee, D. K., Kang, M. H., Kim, J. W., Kin, Y. G., Park, J. H. ve Oh, J. S. (2013). Effects of nonparetic arm exercises using a tubing band on abdominal activity in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation, 33(4), 605–610.
25. Lee, S. H., Jung, C. J., Shin, S. H. ve Lee, D. W. (2001) An analysis of the angular momentum of dolyeochagi in Taekwondo. Internation Journal of Applied Sports Science, 13(1), 18-32.
26. Li, J. ve Du, X. (2023). Core training in martial arts athletes. Revista Brasileira De Medicina Do Esporte, 29. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0376
27. Moreira, P., Falco, C., Menegaldo, L., Goethel, M., Paula, L. ve Gonçalves, M. (2021). Are isokinetic leg torques and kick velocity reliable predictors of competitive level in taekwondo athletes?. Plos One, 16(6), e0235582. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235582
28. Ouergui, I., Haddad, M., Padulo, J., Gmada, N., Bouhlel, E. ve Behm, D. G. (2014). Performance Optimization in Taekwondo: From Laboratory to Field. Kaliforniya, Amerika: OMICS Group eBooks, 94-96.
29. Owen, P., Rantalainen, T., Scheuring, R. ve Belavý, D. (2019). Serratus anterior contraction during resisted arm extension (gravityfit) assessed by mri. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01164
30. Park, S. ve Yoo, W. (2011). Differential activation of parts of the serratus anterior muscle during push-up variations on stable and unstable bases of support. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 21(5), 861-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.07.001
31. Sæterbakken, A. ve Fimland, M. (2011). Muscle activity of the core during bilateral, unilateral, seated and standing resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(5), 1671-1678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2141-7
32. Stevens, V., Bouche, K., Mahieu, N., Coorevits, P., Vanderstraeten, G. ve Danneels, L. (2006). Trunk muscle activity in healthy subjects during bridging stabilization exercises. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-7-75
33. Sukwong, T., Tan, K., Malek, N. F. A., Jahizi, A. A. M., Mohamad, N. I., Malik, Z. A. ve Nadzalan, A. M. (2022). Effect of wearable resistance loading during warm-up protocol on front kick biomechanics in taekwondo. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(2), 223-228. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.11
34. Surendran, S., Valoor, H., Mathew, J. ve Radhakrishnan, A. (2020). Scapular winging - a schematic review. Kerala Journal of Orthopaedics, 33(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.52314/kjo.2020.v33i01.17
35. Tahan, N., Kalantari, K. K., Mohseni-Bandpei, M. A., Mikaili, S., Baghban, A. A. ve Jaberzadeh, S. (2016). Measurement of superficial and deep abdominal muscle thickness: an ultrasonography study. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-016-0106-6
36. Wasik, J. (2011). Kinematic Analysis of the Side Kick in Taekwondo. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 13(4), 71-75.
37. Yılmaz, E. A. (2021). Dengeli ve Dengesiz Yüzeylerde Yapılan 10 Haftalık Kor Stabilizasyon Egzersizlerinin 14-17 Yaş Taekwondocularda Statik- Dinamik Dengeye, Fonksiyonel Hareket Analiz Puanlamalarına ve Yopchagi Teknik Performansına Etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
38. What is Seniam (2023). Erişim adresi : https://www.seniam.org/ Erişim Tarihi:25.02.2024
39. Polo, A., Narváez, P. ve Robles-Algarín, C. (2018). Implementation of a cost-effective didactic prototype for the acquisition of biomedical signals. Electronics, 7(5), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7050077