“Acı Geçicidir, Gurur Ebedidir”: Spor Taraftarlarının Kimlik Koruma Stratejilerinin Anlaşılması

Yıl 2024, , 227 - 238, 31.10.2024

Nurettin Göksu Çini , Ebru Güzel Kuyucu

https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1501777

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, favori takımlarının başarısızlıkları, kaybedilen şampiyonluklar ya da rakip takımların başarıları gibi olumsuz durumlar karşısında taraftarların pozitif sosyal kimliklerini nasıl koruduğunun anlaşılmasıdır. Fenomenolojik desende planlanan çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma gurubunu, takımının en az 10 maçına katılmış 14 yetişkin spor taraftarı oluşturmuştur. Yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, taraftarların takımlarına yönelik olumsuz durumlar karşısında kimliklerini koruma ve sürdürmeye yönelik, takımlarının gurur duydukları yönleri yansıtan sosyal yaratıcılık stratejileri izlerken; diğer yandan ait oldukları grubun özelliklerini, rakip takım ve taraftarlarla karşılaştırarak onlardan üstün yönlerini ön plana çıkaran sosyal rekabeti kullandıkları görülmüştür. Özellikle taraftarların, takımlarına yönelik oluşan gurur duyguları onların ait oldukları takım ve taraftar grubuna yönelik düşüncelerini etkileyerek kendilerini rakiplerinden üstün gören kolektif narsist bir yönelim kazandıkları belirlenmiştir. Taraftarların, en sadık müşteriler olduğu ve kulüp gelirlerinin önemli bir kısmını sağladığı düşünüldüğünde spor organizasyonları açısından davranışlarının anlaşılması hayati öneme sahiptir. Çalışmamızdan elde edilen sonuçlar, favori takımlarına yönelik olumsuz durumlarla karşılaşan taraftarların davranış biçimlerinin anlaşılması ve gelecek araştırmalara rehberlik etmesi adına kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Özdeşleşme, Taraftar kimliği, Gurur duyguları, Kolektif narsisizm

“Pain is Temporary, Pride is Forever”: Understanding Sports Fans' Identity-Maintenance Strategies

Öz

The aim of this study is to understand how fans protect their positive social identities in the face of negative situations such as the failure of their favorite teams, lost championships, or the success of rival teams. We used the semi-structured interview technique, a qualitative research method, in the phenomenologically planned study. The research group consisted of 14 adult sports fans who attended at least 10 matches for their team. We analyzed the data obtained from face-to-face interviews using the content analysis method. The study's results revealed that fans employed social creativity strategies to highlight the aspects of their team they were proud of, while they also engaged in social competition to highlight their group's characteristics by comparing them with rival teams and fans. These strategies served as emotional coping mechanisms to protect and maintain their identities in the face of negative situations. Researchers have found that fans' pride in their team influences their perception of the team and fan group they belong to, leading to a collective narcissistic orientation where they perceive themselves as superior to their competitors. Considering that fans are the most loyal customers and provide a significant portion of club revenues, understanding their behavior is vital for sports organizations. The results obtained from our study can be used to understand the behavioral patterns of fans who encounter negative situations with their favorite teams and to guide future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Identification, Fan identity, Pride feelings, Collective narcissism

Kaynakça

• Andrijiw, A. ve Hyatt, C. (2009). Using optimal distinctiveness theory to understand identification with a nonlocal professional hockey team. Journal of Sport Management, 23(2), 156–181. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.2.156
• Akdoğan, N. (2022). Dış grup tarafgirliği olarak kavramsallaştırılan olguyu sosyal kimlik kuramı perspektifinden açıklamak. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(24), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-24-05
• Alparslan, K. (2024). Azınlık gruplarda toplumsal aidiyet ve kimlik mücadelesi: Türkiye’den örnekler. Onto Psikoloji Dergisi, 26, 38–48.
• Avcı, M. S. (2023). Taraftarlarda Sosyal Kimlik: Fenerbahçe ve Panathinaikos taraftar grupları üzerine keşifsel bir çalışma. 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 58(1), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.23.01.2062
• Baumeister, R. ve Vohs, K. (2001). Narcissism as addiction to esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 206–210.
• Bernache-Assollant, I., Laurin, R. ve Bodet, G. (2012). Casual spectators and die-hard fans’ reactions to their team defeat: A look at the role of territorial identification in elite French rugby. International Journal of Psychological Research, 5(1), 122–132.
• Bernache-Assollant, I., Laurin, R., Bouchet, P., Bodet, G. ve Lacassagne, M.-F. (2010). Refining the relationship between ingroup identification and identity management strategies in the sport context: The moderating role of gender and the mediating role of negative mood. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13(5), 639–652. doi:10.1177/1368430210369680
• Braun, V. ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Cialdini, R. B. ve Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of image management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 406–415. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.406
• Cialdini, R., Borden, R., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S. ve Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 366–375. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.366
• Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 283–317.
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (Second Edi.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
• Crisp, R. J., Heuston, S., Farr, M. J. ve Turner, R. N. (2007). Seeing red or feeling blue: Differentiated intergroup emotions and ingroup identification in soccer fans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 9–26. doi:10.1177/1368430207071337
• Dalakas, V. ve Phillips Melancon, J. (2012). Fan identification, schadenfreude toward hated rivals, and the mediating effects of importance of winning ındex (IWIN). Journal of Services Marketing, 26(1), 51-59. doi:10.1108/08876041211199724
• Decrop, A. ve Derbaix, C. (2010). Pride in contemporary sport consumption: A marketing perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(5), 586–603. doi:10.1007/s11747-009-0167-8
• Delia, E. (2017). March sadness: Coping with fan identity threat. Sport Management Review, 20(4), 408–421. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.007
• Delia, E. (2019). “You can’t just erase history”: Coping with team identity threat. Journal of Sport Management, 33(3), 203–214. doi:10.1123/jsm.2018-0283
• Delia, E. (2015). The exclusiveness of group identity in celebrations of team success. Sport Management Review, 18(3), 396–406. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.006
• Delia, E. ve James, J. (2018). The meaning of team in team identification. Sport Management Review, 21(4), 416–429. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2017.09.002
• Doyle, J. P., Lock, D., Funk, D. C., Filo, K. ve McDonald, H. (2017). ‘I was there from the start’: The identity-maintenance strategies used by fans to combat the threat of losing. Sport Management Review, 20(2), 184–197. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.006
• Elsbach, K. D. ve Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001). Defining who you are by what you’re not: Organizational disidentification and the national rifle association. Organization Science, 12(4), 393–413. doi:10.1287/orsc.12.4.393.10638
• End, C. M., Dietz‐Uhler, B., Harrick, E. A. ve Jacquemotte, L. (2002). Identifying with winners: A reexamination of sport fans’ tendency to BIRG. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(5), 1017–1030. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00253.x
• Finch, J. F. ve Cialdini, R. B. (1989). Another indirect tactic of (self- image management. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(2), 222–232. doi:10.1177/0146167289152009
• Fink, J. ve Parker, H. (2009). Spectator motives: Why do we watch when our favorite team is not playing? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(4), 210–217.
• Fink, J. S., Parker, H. M., Brett, M. ve Higgins, J. (2009). Off-field behavior of athletes and team identification: Using social identity theory and balance theory to explain fan reactions. Journal of Sport Management, 23(2), 142–155. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.2.142
• Fink, J., Trail, G. ve Anderson, D. (2002). An examination of team identification: Which motives are most salient to its existence? International Sports Journal, 6(2), 195–207.
• Fisher, R. J. ve Wakefield, K. (1998). Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers. Psychology and Marketing, 15(1), 23–40. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199801)15:1<23::AID-MAR3>3.0.CO;2-P
• Foster, W. M. ve Hyatt, C. (2007). I despise them! I detest them! Franchise relocation and the expanded model of organizational identification. Journal of Sport Management, 21(2), 194–212. doi:10.1123/jsm.21.2.194
• Funk, D. ve James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: a conceptual framework for understanding an individual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119–150. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
• Giulianotti, R. (2002). Supporters, followers, fans, and flaneurs. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26(1), 25–46. doi:10.1177/0193723502261003
• Gladden, J. M. ve Funk, D. C. (2001). Understanding brand loyalty in professional sport: Examining the link between brand associations and brand loyalty. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 3(1), 54–81. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-03-01-2001-B006
• Golec de Zavala, A. (2011). Collective narcissism and intergroup hostility: The dark side of ‘in‐group love’. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 309–320. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00351.x
• Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A. ve Bilewicz, M. (2013). The paradox of in‐group love: Differentiating collective narcissism advances understanding of the relationship between in‐group and out‐group attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 16–28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00779.x
• Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R. ve Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1074–1096. doi:10.1037/a0016904
• Gordon, B. S., Yoshida, M., Nakazawa, M. ve Bass, J. (2021). The role of pride feelings in the team and fan community identification processes: An empirical examination in professional sport. Corporate Reputation Review, 24(2), 76–94. doi:10.1057/s41299-019-00092-y
• Guimond, S. ve Dambrun, M. (2003). When prosperity breeds intergroup hostility: The effects of relative deprivation and relative gratification on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(7), 900–912. doi:10.1177/01467202028007004
• Gwinner, K. ve Bennett, G. (2008). The impact of brand cohesiveness and sport identification on brand fit in a sponsorship context. Journal of Sport Management, 22(4), 410–426. doi:10.1123/jsm.22.4.410
• Havard, C. T. (2014). Glory out of reflected failure: The examination of how rivalry affects sport fans. Sport Management Review, 17(3), 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.002
• Havard, C., Wann, D. ve Grieve, F. (2018). Rivalry versus hate: Measuring the influence of promotional titles and logos on fan rival perceptions. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 10(2), 1–13. doi:10.18666/JASM-2018-V10-I2-8535
• Heere, B. ve James, J. (2007). Sports teams and their communities: Examining the influence of external group identities on team identity. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 319–337. doi:10.1123/jsm.21.3.319
• Heere, B., James, J., Yoshida, M. ve Scremin, G. (2011). The effect of associated group identities on team identity. Journal of Sport Management, 25(6), 606–621. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.6.606
• Heere, B., Walker, M., Yoshida, M., Ko, Y. J., Jordan, J. S. ve James, J. D. (2011). Brand community development through associated communities: Grounding community measurement within social identity theory. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(4), 407–422. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190404
• Hogg, M., Terry, D. ve White, K. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(4), 255. doi:10.2307/2787127
• Holt, D. B. (1995). How consumers consume: A typology of consumption practices. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 1. doi:10.1086/209431
• Hoogland, C. E., Ryan Schurtz, D., Cooper, C. M., Combs, D. J. Y., Brown, E. G. ve Smith, R. H. (2015). The joy of pain and the pain of joy: In-group identification predicts schadenfreude and gluckschmerz following rival groups’ fortunes. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 260–281. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9447-9
• Jackson, L. A., Sullivan, L. A., Harnish, R. ve Hodge, C. N. (1996). Achieving positive social identity: Social mobility, social creativity, and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 241–254.
• James, J. D., Kolbe, R. H. ve Trail, G. T. (2002). Psychological connection to a new sport team: Building or maintaining the consumer base? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(4).
• Jones, I. (2000). A model of serious leisure identification: The case of football fandom. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 283–298. doi:10.1080/02614360050118841
• Jones, I., Adams, A. ve Mayoh, J. (2024). Fan responses to ownership change in the English Premier League: Motivated ignorance, social creativity and social competition at Newcastle United F.C. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 59(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902231179067
• Katz, M. ve Heere, B. (2013). Leaders and followers: An exploration of the notion of scale-free networks within a new brand community. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 271–287. doi:10.1123/jsm.27.4.271
• Keltner, D. ve Lerner, J. S. (2010). Emotion. Handbook of Social Psychology içinde (s. 178–190). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001009
• Kim, K. ve Byon, K. (2020). The dark side of spectator behavior: Effects of spectator dysfunctional behavior on anger, rumination, and revisit intention. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(3), 228–240. doi:10.32731/smq.293.092020.06
• Kwon, H. H. ve Armstrong, K. L. (2002). Factors influencing impulse buying of sport team licensed merchandise. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(3).
• Lalonde, R. (1992). The dynamics of group differentiation in the face of defeat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 336–342. doi:10.1177/0146167292183010
• Larkin, B. ve Fink, J. (2019). Toward a better understanding of fan aggression and dysfunction: The moderating role of collective narcissism. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 69–78. doi:10.1123/jsm.2018-0012
• Larkin, B., Fink, J., ve Delia, E. (2021). Identified, but not Identical: exploring the influence of collective narcissism in team identification. Sport Management Review, 24(2), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880767
• Larkin, B., Fink, J. ve Delia, E. (2022). Toward a better understanding of fair-weather fandom: Exploring the role of collective narcissism in basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure. Journal of Sport Management, 36(6), 575–586. doi:10.1123/JSM.2021-0102
• Lee, H.-W., Cho, H., Newell, E. M. ve Kwon, W. (2020). How multiple identities shape behavioral intention: Place and team identification on spectator attendance. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(4), 719–734. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-09-2019-0097
• Lintumäki, P. ve Koll, O. (2023). Sport team identification: A social identity perspective comparing local and distant fans. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 25(1), 1-17. 15202389. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-2022-0158
• Lock, D. ve Filo, K. (2012). The downside of being irrelevant and aloof: Exploring why individuals do not attend sport. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 187–199. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.006
• Lock, D. ve Funk, D. (2016). The multiple in-group identity framework. Sport Management Review, 19(2), 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.001
• Lock, D. ve Heere, B. (2017). Identity crisis: A theoretical analysis of ‘team identification’ research. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413–435. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1306872
• Madrigal, R. (2001). Social identity effects in a belief-attitude-intentions hierarchy: Implications for corporate sponsorship. Psychology and Marketing, 18(2), 145–165. doi:10.1002/1520-6793(200102)18:2<145::AID-MAR1003>3.0.CO;2-T
• Mael, F. ve Ashforth, B. (2001). Identification in work, war, sports, and religion: Contrasting the benefits and risks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 31(2).
• Mahony, D., Nakazawa, M., Funk, D., James, J. ve Gladden, J. (2002). Motivational factors influencing the behaviour of j. league spectators. Sport Management Review, 5(1), 1–24. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70059-4
• Mansfield, A. C., Delia, E. B. ve Katz, M. (2020). The blurry spectrums of team identity threat. Sport Management Review, 23(3), 414–427. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.004
• Mason, D. S. (1999). What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sports leagues. European Journal of Marketing, 33(3/4), 402–419. doi:10.1108/03090569910253251
• McDonald, H., Karg, A. J. ve Vocino, A. (2013). Measuring season ticket holder satisfaction: Rationale, scale development and longitudinal validation. Sport Management Review, 16(1), 41-53. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.003
• McFerran, B., Aquino, K., ve Tracy, J. (2014). Evidence for two facets of pride in consumption: Findings from luxury brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(4), 455-471.
• Merriam, S. (2018). Nitel araştırma: desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
• Norris, J. I., Wann, D. L. ve Zapalac, R. K. (2015). Sport fan maximizing: Following the best team or being the best fan? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 32(3), 157–166. doi:10.1108/JCM-02-2014-0856
• Oyman, M., ve Başbozkurt, N. (2021). Taraftarlarda sosyal kimliğin sosyal medya davranışlarına ve sosyal medya kullanım motivasyonlarına etkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 125-140.
• Shuv-Ami, A., ve Toder Alon, A. (2023). How do you categorize yourself as a sports fan: A new scale of sports fan social–personal identity salience (FSPIS) and its consequences. Communication and Sport, 11(1), 28–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520967278
• Snyder, C. R., Lassegard, M. ve Ford, C. E. (1986). Distancing after group success and failure: Basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(2), 382–388. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.2.382
• Steckler, C. ve Tracy, J. (2014). The emotional underpinnings of social status. J. T. Cheng, J. L. Tracy ve C. Anderson (Ed.), The Psychology of Social Status içinde. New York, NY: Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7
• Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J. ve Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 34(379–440). doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80009-0
• Stets, J. ve Burke, P. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224. doi:10.2307/2695870
• Stryker, S. (1968). Identity salience and role performance: The relevance of symbolic interaction theory for family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30(4), 558. doi:10.2307/349494
• Swanson, S. ve Kent, A. (2015). Fandom in the workplace: Multi-target ıdentification in professional team sports. Journal of Sport Management, 29(4), 461–477. doi:10.1123/jsm.2014-0132
• Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1-39. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
• Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. (1979). The social psychology of intergroup relations. W. Austin ve S. Worchel (Ed.), An integrative theory of intergroup conflict içinde (33–47). Monterey: Brooks/ Cole Publishing Company.
• Thomaes, S., Bushman, B., Orobio de Castro, B. ve Stegge, H. (2009). What makes narcissists bloom? A framework for research on the etiology and development of narcissism. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1233–1247.
• Tracy, J. ve Robins, R. (2004). Show Your Pride: Evidence for a Discrete Emotion Expression. Psychological Science, 15(3), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503008.x
• Trail, G., Anderson, D. ve Lee, D. (2017). A longitudinal study of team-fan role identity on self-reported attendance behavior and future intentions. Journal of Amateur Sport, 3(1). doi:10.17161/jas.v0i0.5712
• Trail, G. ve James, J. (2016). Seven deadly sins of manuscript writing: Reflections of two experienced reviewers. Journal of Global Sport Management, 1(3–4), 142–156.
• Trail, G. T., Kim, Y.-K., Kwon, H. H., Harrolle, M. G., Braunstein-Minkove, J. R. ve Dick, R. (2012). The effects of vicarious achievement on BIRGing and CORFing: Testing moderating and mediating effects of team identification. Sport Management Review, 15(3), 345–354. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.002
• Tyler, T. (1999). Why people cooperate with organizations: An identity-based perspective. Research in Organizational Behavior, 21(201–246).
• Wakefield, K. ve Wann, D. (2006). An examination of dysfunctional sport fans: Method of classification and relationships with problem behaviors. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 168–186. doi:10.1080/00222216.2006.11950074
• Wann, D. (2006). Understanding the positive social psychological benefits of sport team identification: The team identification-social psychological health model. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(4), 272–296. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.10.4.272
• Wann, D. ve Branscombe, N. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14(2), 103–117. doi:10.1177/019372359001400203
• Wann, D. ve Branscombe, N. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(1), 1–17.
• Wann, D. ve James, J. (2018). Sport fans the psychology and social impact of fandom (2nd edt.). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429456831
• Wann, D. L., Hamlet, M. A., Wilson, T. M. ve Hodges, J. A. (1995). Basking in reflected glory, cutting off reflected failure, and cutting off future failure: The importance of group identification. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 23(4), 377–388. doi:10.2224/sbp.1995.23.4.377
• Wann, D., Tucker, K. ve Schrader, M. (1996). An exploratory examination of the factors influencing the origination, continuation, and cessation of identification with sports teams. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82(3), 995–1001. doi:10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.995
• Williams, L. ve DeSteno, D. (2008). Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1007–1017. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1007
• Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Zelyurt, M. K. (2019). Futbol taraftarlığı, özdeşleşme ve kimlik: Taraftarlıktan fanatizme... Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.33468/sbsebd.81