THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN SPORTS IN WESTERN CULTURES
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the historical development of the level of women’si nvolvement in physical activities, their appearance, especially in Ancient Olympics, Middle Age, Enlightenment Period and in the beginning of Modern Olympics considering the effects of religious and cultural elements of those periods. The first remarkable culture on western land emerged in Mycenae, the center of principate in East Peloponnese since 1600 BC. The close relation of Mycenaean sport with the military needs did not make it possible for women to take part equally as men. Musical-esthetical elements emerged in Mycenaean body culture in 16th century BC with Crete influence, which gave rise to some important opportunities for women to train their bodies. However, it was forbidden for married women to join the Ancient Olympics, held in the same geography, actively or passively for religious reasons, and education of teenage girls was not possible in the school system of Classical Age Athens, which was mostly based on physical education. The only exception was Sparta. Women were kept away from all kinds of sport activities in Middle Age, especially in the first centuries of the spread of Christianity in Europe. Women in the royalty were only able to do the activities limited to riding, dance and ball games, which were just for fun in chivalry period, which appeared in the 11th- 12th centuries. Women involvement in sport activities in national ceremonies became more common although it was not mentioned in the Humanism Age education system, which was inspired by the ideals in the Ancient Age. Nevertheless, it can be easily seen that when it is compared with the improvement of America (it declared its independence in the 18th century) in women sports like its improvements in many other fields, Europe did not give enough importance to women sports even in the 19th century. Hence, it was not possible for women to take part even in Modern Olympic Games, started by Pierre de Coubertin in 1896 just like in ancient times. However, despite Coubertin, the efforts of some women movements led by sportswomen enabled women involvement in the second olympics in Paris in 1900. The efforts since then have brought about a large rise in the number of women branches in sports and the women involved in sports in all cultures.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
-
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
July 15, 2011
Submission Date
April 9, 2017
Acceptance Date
May 2, 2011
Published in Issue
Year 2011 Volume: 16 Number: 3