Hentbolda Atış Hızı Kavramı ve Önemi: Sistematik Derleme

Abstract

Maksimal kuvvet, güç, hız, dayanıklılık ve atış hızı gibi özelliklerin hakim olduğu bir takım sporu olan hentbolda nihai amaç rakipten daha fazla gol atmaktır. Gol atmak ve kazanmaya giden yol ise etkili bir şut performansından geçmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı; son on yıl içeresindeki hentbolda atış hızı ile ilgili gerçekleştirilen yayınları inceleyerek, atış hızı kavramının önemini ve geliştirilmesi için önerilen antrenman programlarını incelemektir. Sistematik derleme formatında hazırlanan çalışmada, Science Citation Index (SCI), SCI Expanded, Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) ve PubMed/MEDLINE veri tabanlarındaki dergilerde hentbol ve atış hızı ile ilgili son on yıl (2010-2020) içerisinde yayınlanmış tam metin makaleler incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmalar yapılırken anahtar kelime olarak “handball ve “throwing velocity” kullanılmıştır. Belirtilen şartları sağlayan toplamda 46 makale incelenmiştir. Çalışmalar incelendiğinde; antropometrik özellik, yarışma seviyesi ve mevkisel farklılıkların atış hızını etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca son yıllarda kullanılan antrenman yöntemlerinin sporcu profillerinde oluşturduğu yanıtlar; özellikle kor ve kuvvet antrenmanları ile halter ve direnç bandı uygulamalarının atış hızını pozitif yönde etkilediği ortaya koyulmuştur. Hentbolda atış hızı ile ilgili gerçekleştirilecek nitelikli çalışma sayısının artması; cinsiyet, sporcu düzeyi ve uygulanan antrenman protokollerinin göstereceği etkinin bu alanda çalışan araştırmacılar ve antrenörler tarafından kabul görmesini de kolaylaştıracağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Atış hızı
• Hentbol
• İsabet
• Şut

The Concept and Importance of Throwing Velocity in Handball: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The ultimate aim in team-handball, dominated by features such as maximal strength, power, speed, endurance, and throwing velocity is to score more goals than the opponent. The way to score and winning depends on effective shooting performance. The purpose of this review is; examine the importance of the throwing velocity concept and the recommended training programs for its development by investigating publications about throwing velocity in handball in the last decade. In the present study prepared in a systematic review format, full-text articles about handball and throwing velocity published in Science Citation Index (SCI), SCI-Expanded, Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), and PubMed/MEDLINE databases’ journals in the last decade (2010-2020) were examined. The searching was performed by "handball and" throwing velocity" keywords. After including and excluding criteria performed a total of 46 articles reviewed in this study. When the studies are examined; it was determined that the anthropometric features, competition level, and positional differences affect the throwing velocity. In addition, the responses of the training methods used in recent years in the athlete profiles; it has been demonstrated that especially resistance band and weightlifting applications together with core and strength trainings affect the throwing velocity in a positive way. It is thought that increasing the number of qualified exercises to be performed on throwing velocity in handball will facilitate acceptance of the effect of gender, athlete level, and applied training protocols by researchers and trainers studying in this field.

Keywords

• Throwing velocity
• Handball
• Accuracy
• Shooting

References

1. 1. Akyüz, B., Avşar, P. A., Bilge, M., Deliceoğlu, G. ve Korkusuz, F. (2019). Skeletal muscle fatigue does not affect shooting accuracy of handball players. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 27(4), 253-259.
2. 2. Aloui, G., Hermassi, S., Hammami, M., Gaamouri, N., Comfort, P., Shephard, R. J., Schwesig, R. ve Chelly, M. S. (2019). Effects of an 8-week in-season upper limb elastic band training programme on the peak power, strength, and throwing velocity of junior handball players. Sportverletzung Sportschaden, 33(3), 133-141.
3. 3. Andersson, S. H., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B. ve Myklebust, G. (2017). Preventing overuse shoulder injuries among throwing athletes: a cluster-randomised controlled trial in 660 elite handball players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(14), 1073-1080.
4. 4. Andrade, M. S., de Carvalho-Koffes, F., Benedito-Silva, A. A., da Silva, A. C. ve de Lira, C. A. B. (2016). Effect of fatigue caused by a simulated handball game on ball throwing velocity, shoulder muscle strength and balance ratio: a prospective study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 8(1), 13.
5. 5. Bourne, M., Bennett, S. J., Hayes, S. J. ve Williams, A. M. (2011). The dynamical structure of handball penalty shots as a function of target location. Human Movement Science, 30(1), 40-55.
6. 6. Bragazzi, N. L., Rouissi, M., Hermassi, S. ve Chamari, K. (2020). Resistance training and Handball players’ isokinetic, isometric and maximal strength, muscle power and yhrowing ball velocity: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2663.
7. 7. Chelly, M. S., Hermassi, S. ve Shephard, R. J. (2010). Relationships between power and strength of the upper and lower limb muscles and throwing velocity in male handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24, 1480–1487.
8. 8. Cherif, M., Chtourou, H., Souissi, N., Aouidet, A. ve Chamari, K. (2016). Maximal power training induced different improvement in throwing velocity and muscle strength according to playing positions in elite male handball players. Biology of Sport, 33(4), 393.

9. 9. Debanne, T. ve Laffaye, G. (2011). Predicting the throwing velocity of the ball in handball with anthropometric variables and isotonic tests. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(7), 705-713.
10. 10. Debanne, T. ve Laffaye, G. (2013). Coaches' beliefs and knowledge: Training programs used by French professional coaches to increase ball-throwing velocity in elite handball players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 8(3), 557-570.
11. 11. Eriksrud, O., Sæland, F. O., Federolf, P. A. ve Cabri, J. (2019). Functional mobility and dynamic postural control predict overhead handball throwing performance in elite female team handball players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(1), 91-100.
12. 12. Ferragut, C., Vila, H., Abraldes, J. A. ve Manchado, C. (2018). Influence of physical aspects and throwing velocity in opposition situations in top-elite and elite female handball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 63(1), 23-32.
13. 13. Fieseler, G., Hermassi, S., Hoffmeyer, B., Schulze, S., Irlenbusch, L., Bartels, T., Delank, K. S., Laudner, K. G. ve Schwesig, R. (2017). Differences in anthropometric characteristics in relation to throwing velocity and competitive level in professional male team handball: a tool for talent profiling. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(7-8), 985.
14. 14. García, J. A., Sabido, R., Barbado, D. ve Moreno, F. J. (2013). Analysis of the relation between throwing speed and throwing accuracy in team-handball according to instruction. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(2), 149-154.
15. 15. Genevois, C., Berthier, P., Guidou, V., Muller, F., Thiebault, B. ve Rogowski, I. (2014). Effects of 6-week sling-based training of the external-rotator muscles on the shoulder profile in elite female high school handball players. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 23(4), 286-295.
16. 16. Granados, C., Izquierdo, M., Ibáñez, J., Ruesta, M. ve Gorostiaga, E. M. (2013). Are there any differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity between national and international elite female handball players?. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 723-732.
17. 17. Hermassi, S., Delank, K. S., Fieseler, G., Bartels, T., Chelly, M. S., Khalifa, R., Laudner, K., Schulze, S. ve Schwesig, R. (2019a). Relationships between olympic weightlifting exercises, peak power of the upper and lower limb, muscle volume and throwing ball velocity in elite male handball players. Sportverletzung Sportschaden, 33(2), 104-112.
18. 18. Hermassi, S., Chelly, M. S., Bragazzi, N. L., Shephard, R. J. ve Schwesig, R. (2019b). In-season weightlifting training exercise in healthy male handball players: Effects on body composition, muscle volume, maximal strength, and ball-throwing velocity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4520.
19. 19. Hermassi, S., Ghaith, A., Schwesig, R., Shephard, R. J. ve Souhaiel-Chelly, M. (2019c). Effects of short-term resistance training and tapering on maximal strength, peak power, throwing ball velocity, and sprint performance in handball players. Plos One, 14(7), e0214827.
20. 20. Karcher, C. ve Buchheit, M. (2014). On-court demands of elite handball, with special reference to playing positions. Sports Medicine, 44, 797–814.
21. 21. Kristjánsdóttir, H., Erlingsdóttir, A. V., Sveinsson, G. ve Saavedra, J. M. (2018). Psychological skills, mental toughness and anxiety in elite handball players. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 125-130.
22. 22. Kuhn, L., Weberru, H., ve Horstmann, T. (2018). Effects of core stability training on throwing velocity and core strength in female handball players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 9(9), 1479–1486.
23. 23. Manchado, C., García-Ruiz, J., Cortell-Tormo, J. M. ve Tortosa-Martínez, J. (2017). Effect of core training on male handball players’ throwing velocity. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56(1), 177-185.
24. 24. Marques, M., Saavedra, F., Abrantes, C. ve Aidar, F. (2011). Associations between rate of force development metrics and throwing velocity in elite team handball players: a short research report. Journal of Human Kinetics, 29 (Özel Sayı), 53-57.
25. 25. Mascarin, N. C., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R. L., de Castro-Pochini, A., da Silva, A. C. ve dos Santos-Andrade, M. (2016). Strength training using elastic bands: improvement of muscle power and throwing performance in young female handball players. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 26(3), 245-252.
26. 26. Müller, C. ve Brandes, M. (2015). Effect of kinesiotape applications on ball velocity and accuracy in amateur soccer and handball. Journal of Human Kinetics, 49(1), 119-129.
27. 27. Nuño, A., Chirosa, I. J., van den Tillaar, R., Guisado, R., Martín, I., Martinez, I. ve Chirosa, L. J. (2016). Effects of fatigue on throwing performance in experienced team handball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 54(1), 103-113.
28. 28. Ortega-Becerra, M., Pareja-Blanco, F., Jiménez-Reyes, P., Cuadrado-Peñafiel, V. ve González-Badillo, J. J. (2018). Determinant factors of physical performance and specific throwing in handball players of different ages. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(6), 1778-1786.
29. 29. Pontaga, I. ve Zidens, J. (2014). Shoulder rotator muscle dynamometry characteristics: side asymmetry and correlations with ball-throwing speed in adolescent handball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 42(1), 41-50.
30. 30. Raeder, C., Fernandez-Fernandez, J. ve Ferrauti, A. (2015). Effects of six weeks of medicine ball training on throwing velocity, throwing precision, and isokinetic strength of shoulder rotators in female handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(7), 1904-1914.
31. 31. Rousanoglou, E. N., Noutsos, K. S., Bayios, I. A. ve Boudolos, K. D. (2015). Self-Paced and temporally constrained throwing performance by team-handball experts and novices without foreknowledge of target position. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(1), 41.
32. 32. Rivilla-García, J., Navarro, F., Grande, I., Ignatova, A. S. ve Sampedro, J. (2010). Differences in throwing capacity between senior and U-18 men handball players. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 4(4), 145-151.
33. 33. Saavedra, J. M., Kristjánsdóttir, H., Einarsson, I. Þ., Guðmundsdóttir, M. L., Þorgeirsson, S. ve Stefansson, A. (2018). Anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness, and throwing velocity in elite women's handball teams. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(8), 2294-2301.
34. 34. Sabido, R., Hernández-Davó, J. L., Botella, J. ve Moya, M. (2016). Effects of 4-week training intervention with unknown loads on power output performance and throwing velocity in junior team handball players. PLOS One, 11(6), e0157648.
35. 35. Saeterbakken, A. H., Van den Tillaar, R. ve Seiler, S. (2011). Effect of core stability training on throwing velocity in female handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(3), 712-718.
36. 36. Schwesig, R., Hermassi, S., Wagner, H., Fischer, D., Fieseler, G., Molitor, T. ve Delank, K. S. (2016). Relationship between the range of motion and isometric strength of elbow and shoulder joints and ball velocity in women team handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(12), 3428-3435.
37. 37. Skejø, S. D., Møller, M., Bencke, J. ve Sørensen, H. (2019). Shoulder kinematics and kinetics of team handball throwing: A scoping review. Human Movement Science, 64, 203-212.
38. 38. Skejø, S. D., Bencke, J., Møller, M. ve Sørensen, H. (2020). A Novel method for estimating throwing speed in handball using a wearable device. Sensors, 20(17), 1-8.
39. 39. Soto, D., García-Herrero, J. A. ve Carcedo, R. J. (2020). Well-Being and throwing speed of women handball players affected by feedback. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6064.
40. 40. Štirn, I., Carruthers, J., Šibila, M. ve Pori, P. (2017). Frequent immediate knowledge of results enhances the increase of throwing velocity in overarm handball performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56(1), 197-205.
41. 41. Van Den Tillaar, R. (2020). The Effects of target location upon throwing velocity and accuracy in experienced female handball players. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-6.
42. 42. Van Den Tillaar, R. ve Cabri, J. M. (2012). Gender differences in the kinematics and ball velocity of overarm throwing in elite team handball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(8), 807-813.
43. 43. Vila, H., Manchado, C., Rodriguez, N., Abraldes, J. A., Alcaraz, P. E. ve Ferragut, C. (2012). Anthropometric profile, vertical jump, and throwing velocity in elite female handball players by playing positions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(8), 2146-2155.
44. 44. Vila, H. ve Ferragut, C. (2019). Throwing speed in team handball: a systematic review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(5), 724-736.
45. 45. Wagner, H., Pfusterschmied, J., von Duvillard, S. P. ve Müller, E. (2011). Performance and kinematics of various throwing techniques in team-handball. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 10(1), 73-80.