Human Rights Violations in Myanmar and the Role of International Society in Ending Persecutions Against Rohingyas

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 35 - 56, 01.06.2019

Yasin Yıldırım

Öz

This article was written to draw attention to the situation in Myanmar which stands as one of the states that has the most systematic, dramatic, and severe human rights violations today; oppressions that Rohingyas became to subject and steps to be taken in order to end to these oppressions were examined. In this context, discrimination based on ethnocentrism that began with the coup in 1962, concrete reflections of this enmity, occurred acts of violence and violated human rights were analysed; illegalities and percussions that defined as examples of “genocide” were presented; attitudes of Myanmar and other nations that made the situation even more marginal and inextricable were discussed; and finally, for dissolving these radicalized problems, reaching an international consensus, taking effective and deterrent steps in the context of international law and diplomacy and acting with a global conscious that will be led by the United Nations were evaluated as the most appropriate and rational methods

Anahtar Kelimeler

Human Rights, Violation, Myanmar, Rakhine, International Society

Myanmar’daki İnsan Hakları İhlalleri ve Rohingyalara Yönelik Baskıların Sonlanmasında Uluslararası Toplumun Rolü

Öz

İşbu makale insan hakları ihlallerinin en sistematik, dramatik ve ağır şekilde ihlal edildiği ülkelerden biri olan Myanmar’daki duruma dikkat çekmek amacıyla kaleme alınmış; Rohingyaların maruz kaldığı baskılar ve bu baskıların son bulması için atılması gereken adımlar incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, 1962’de gerçekleşen darbe ile birlikte başlayan yabancı düşmanlığı, bu düşmanlığın somut yansımaları, gerçekleşen şiddet eylemleri ve ihlal edilen insan hakları ele alınmış; “soykırım” kapsamına giren hukuksuzluklar ve şiddet eylemleri ortaya konmuş; Myanmar’ın ve birtakım ülkelerin takındığı ve mevcut durumu daha da marjinal ve içinden çıkılmaz bir hale getiren tutumları tartışılmış; son olarak kökleşmiş sorunların çözümü için uluslararası bir konsensüse varılmasının, uluslararası hukuk ve diplomasi kuralları çerçevesinde etkin ve caydırıcı adımlar atılmasının ve BM rehberliğinde ortak bir bilinç ile hareket edilmesinin en doğru ve akılcı çözüm yolu olduğuna kanaat getirilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnsan Hakları, İhlal, Myanmar, Arakan, Uluslararası Toplum

Kaynakça

• Ateş, A. (2017). Burma’dan Myanmar’a Arakan’da Rohingya Müslümanları. İstem. 15(29), 173-216.
• Ashraful, A. ve Fareha, J. (2013). Durable solutions to the protracted refugee situation: The case of Rohingyas in Bangladesh. Journal of Indian Research, 1(4), 25-35.
• British Broadcasting Corporation (August, 29, 2018), Myanmar rejects UN accusation of ‘Genocide’ against Rohingya. 30 March 2019 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-asia-45338986 adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Central Intelligance Agency (2019). World factbook-Burma. 26 Mart 2019. tarihinde ht- tps://www.cia.gov/-library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Council of the European Union (February, 26, 2018). Council conclusions on Myanmar/ Burma. Outcome of Proceedings, 06 Nisan 2018.tarihinde https://www.consilium. europa.eu/sl/press/press-releases/2018/12/10/myanmar-burma-council-adopts-conc- lusions/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Crossman, L. (2014). Myanmar’s Rohingya refugees the search for human security. Postg- raduate Thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
• Dalar, M. ve Gökcan, Ö. (2018). Myanmar’ın Rohingya müslümanları politikası: Tarihsel ve hukuksal bir analiz. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 33-63.
• European Commission (2018). The Rohingya crisis, ECHO factsheet. 06 Nisan 2019 ta- rihinde. http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/rohingya_en.pdf adre- sinden erişilmiştir.
• Fawcett, L. (2004). Regional institutions. In (P. William ed.), Security Studies: An Intro- duction, p.355-373. London: Routledge
• Fortify Rights, (2015). Persecution of the Rohingya muslims: Is genocide occurring in Myanmar’s Rakhine State? A legal analysis. Yale Law School.
• Fortify Rights and Simon-Skjodt Center (2017). Atrocity crimes against Rohingya mus- lims in Rakhine State:Myanmar. 27 Mart 2019. tarihinde https://www.fortifyrights. org/downloads/THEY_TRIED_TO_KILL_US_ALL_Atrocity_Crimes_against_Ro- hingya_Muslims_Nov_2017.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Human Rights Watch (2012). The government could have stopped this: Sectarian violen- ce and ensuing abuses in Burma’s Arakan State. New York. 24 Mart 2019. tarihinde https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/07/31/government-could-have-stopped/sectarian-vi- olence-and-ensuing-abuses-burmas-arakan adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Human Rights Watch (Nisan 22, 2013). Crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing of Rohingya muslims in Burma’s Arakan State. HRW Report, 15 Mart 2019 tarihinde. https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/04/22/all-you-can-do-pray/crimes-against-huma- nity-and-ethnic-cleansing-rohingya-muslims adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Kaplan, R. (2012). The revenge of geography. New York: Random House
• Karim, Abdul, (2000). The Rohingyas: A short account of their history and culture. Chit- tagong: Arakan Historical Society
• Martin, M. (2012), U.S. sanctions on Burma. (Rapor No: R41336), Congressional Resear- ch Service Report for Congress web sitesinden erişildi. 5 Nisan 2019.tarihinde https:// fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41336.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Marzoli, R. (2015). The protection of human rights of Rohingya in Myanmar: The role of the international community. Postgraduate Thesis, LUISS Guido Carli University, Rome.
• Mohajan, H. (2018). The Rohingya muslims in Myanmar are victim of genocide. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 59-72.
• Nebehay, S., ve Miles, T. (Reuters, March 9, 2018). U.N. rights boss wants allegations of crimes against Rohingya referred to ICC. 5 Nisan 2019.tarihinde.https://www. reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un/un-rights-boss-calls-for-referring-myan- mar-to-icc-for-rohingya-crimes-idUSKCN1GL12B adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Office of Foreign Assets Control (2014). Burma sanctions program:Fact sheet for U.S. Chamber of Commerce. 5 Nisan 2019.tarihinde https://www.uschamber.com/file/trea- sury-ofac-burma-sanctionspdf-2adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Physicians for Human Rights (2013). Patterns of anti-muslim violence in Burma: A call for accountability and prevention. 29 Mart 2019.tarihinde https://phr.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/08/Burma-Violence-Executive-Summary-August-2013.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Scahabas, W. (2009). Genocide in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Selth, A. (2018). Myanmar’s armed forcesand the Rohingya crisis. Washington D.C.: Uni- ted States Institute of Peace, 9 Nisan 2019 tarihinde https://www.usip.org/sites/default/ files/2018-08/pw140-myanmars-armed-forces-and-the-rohingya-crisis.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Sohel, S. (2017). The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar: Origin and emergence. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11, 1007-1018.
• Stanton, G. (2013). Ten stages of genocide. Presented as a briefing paper at the US State Department. 3 Nisan 2019.tarihinde http://www.genocidewatch.org/genocide/tensta- gesofgenocide.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Svenska FN-förbundet (2018). Model UN on the situation in Myanmar. 6 Nisan 2019 tarihinde adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Szurlej, C. (2015). Preventing genocide against the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myan- mar. The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Human Rights, 11(2), 89- 115.
• Terzi, M. (2017). İnsan haklarının bölgesel düzeyde korunması üzerine bir inceleme: İnsan hakları Ve Amerika:Barrios Altos davası örneği ve Orta Doğu üzerine bazı öneriler. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi, 27(2), 53-92.
• The Republic of the Union of Myanmar. (2018). [Letter dated 19 October 2018 from the Permanent Representative of Myanmar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General]. 5 Nisan 2019. tarihinde https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/lo- cal/1451236/1226_1542636974_n1833486.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi İnsan Hakları İnceleme Komisyonu, (2017). Arakan’da ibadethanelerin yıkılması ağır hak ihlalidir. 4 Nisan 2019 tarihinde https://www. tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari%20kopyası/docs/2017/arakan_25122017.pdf ad- resinden erişilmiştir.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2017). Arakan müslümanlarını yalnız bırak- mayacağız. 3 Nisan 2019. tarihinde https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/83327/ara- kan-muslumanlarini-yalniz-birakmayacagiz, adresinden erişilmiştir.
• UN News (September 11, 2017). UN human rights chief points to Textbook example of ethnic cleansing in Myanmar. 5 Nisan2019.tarihinde https://news.un.org/en/stor- y/2017/09/564622-un-human-rights-chief-points-textbook-example-ethnic-clean- sing-myanmar adresinden erişilmiştir.
• UN News (February 3, 2017). UN report details ‘devastating cruelty’ against Rohingya population in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. 5 Nisan 2019.tarihinde https://news.un.org/ en/story/2017/02/550802-un-report-details-devastating-cruelty-against-rohingya-po- pulation-myanmars adresinden erişilmiştir.
• United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2016). Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and other minorities in Myanmar. (Rapor No: A/HRC/32/18) 15 Mart 2018. tarihinde http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.asp adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (2015). Report of the working group on the Univer- sal Periodic Review: Myanmar. (Rapor No:A/HRC/31/13) 5 Nisan 2019. tarihinde htt- ps://www.ohchr.org/EN/Bodies/UPR/PAGES/MMIndex.aspx adresinden erişilmiştir.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (2018). Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar. (Rapor No:A/HRC/39/64) 19 Nisan 2019.tari- hinde https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFM-Myanmar/A_ HRC_39_64.pdf adresindenm erişilmiştir.
• Wagle, R(2014). The quiet audience: Responsibility to call for an international investiga- tion into crimes against Muslims in Burma. Emory International Law Review, 28(1), 23-61.
• Wright, R. ve Westcott, B. (2017). At least 270,000 Rohingya flee Myanmar Violence in 2 Weeks. 27 Mart 2019. tarihinde https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/08/asia/rohingya-m- yanmar-refugees-drowning/index.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Yegar, M. (1972). The muslims of Burma- A study of a Minority Group. Wiesbaden: Verlag Harassowitz
• Yeneroğlu, M. (2016). Arakanlı müslümanlara yönelik zulme dünya sessiz kalmamalı. TBMM İnsan Hakları Komisyonu Başkanlığı Basın Açıklaması, 27 Mart 2019.tarihin- de https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari%20kopyas%C4%B1/docs/2016/ basin_aciklmasi_2016_54.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Yunus, M. (1994). History of Arakan: Past and present. Chittagong: Arakan Historical Society
• Zarmi, M. ve Cowley, A. (2014). The slow burning genocide of Myanmar’s Rohingya:Pa- cific rim Law and Policy Journal, 23(3),683-754.
• Zawacki, B. (2013). Defining Myanmar Rohingya problem. Human Rights Brief, 20(3), 18-25..