Was the Galatian King Deiotaros a city-founder? New Suggestions for Some Small Asian Toponyms with Sin- / Syn-

Abstract

After the arrival of the Galatians in central Anatolia, Phrygian cities such as Gordion and Ankyra continued to exist, but the little interest the new rulers took in them became apparent when those cities were not re-founded after the Romans had sacked them in 189 BC. Neither his­torio­graphic nor geographical sources provide any evidence for a city built by the Galatians, and the lack of archaeological remains appears to concur with this negative assessment. The same even seems to hold true for King Deiotaros, although he was most closely connected with Roman sena­tors, occasionally acted as a benefactor in the Greek world, and effectively succeeded to the throne of Pontus: so as a (late) Hellenistic king some interest in constructing, fostering or at least dynastic naming of cities would fit his role well. But only one isolated reference in Plutarch's Life of Crassus (17.1) credits the king with the foundation of a city (54 BC). However, so far it has been impos­sible to identify any Galatian site with this city. It is therefore suggested that we might have to look for it in Armenia Minor near the Euphrates, for there was a settlement with the Celtic name Sin­toion which Stephanos of Byzantion explicitly attests as a Galatian foundation. Even more interest­ing is the case of Synhorion, originally a frontier fort established by Mithradates VI Eupator: in all like­li­hood, this was renamed or rather reinterpreted as Sinorix Phrourion (App. Mithr. 101.463; 107.503) or *Sinorigia by Deiotaros, son of Sinorix, which yielded the later form Sinoria (Strab. geogr. 12.3.37). Here the dynastic naming pattern – so widespread among Hellenistic kings, and so often applied by Mithradates – is manifest. One may thus go on and venture the hypothesis that this was also the city Deiotaros was building when Crassus came along on his ill-fated Parthian cam­paign.

Keywords

• Galatia,Armenia Minor,Deiotaros,Hellenization,Urbanization,Celtic Toponomastics,Sintoion,Synhorion/Sinorigia

Galatia Kralı Deiotaros bir Kent Kurucusu muydu? Küçük Asya Sin-/Syn- Toponym'leri üzerine Yeni Öneriler

Öz

Yazar bu makalesinde Galatlar'ın Phrygia olarak bilinen İç Anadolu Bölgesi'ne gelişinden önce bu coğrafyada var olan yerleşimler, Galatların buradaki varlığı ve kurdukları ilişkiler hakkında bilgi vermiştir. Daha sonra Galat idarecilerinin kentleşmeye yönelik tutumlarını ele almıştır. Buna göre aynı zaman diliminde diğer bölgelerdeki yönetimlerde kentleşmeye yönelik çeşitli faaliyetler olmasına rağmen, hem tarihsel hem de coğrafi kaynakların Galat idarecileri tarafından buna yönelik bir politikanın izlendiğine dair kanıt sunmadığı ayrıca bunu destekleyecek arkeolojik kalıntıların olmadığı dile getirilmiştir. Aynı tutum, Roma senatörleri ile çok yakın ilişki kuran ve zaman zaman Yunan dünyasına hayırseverlik yapan Deiotaros için de geçerli gibi görünmektedir. Aslında Deiotaros kendi sülalesine mensup birisinin adını bir kente vermek için uygun bir konuma da sahiptir. Bununla birlikte Plutarkhos'un Crassus'un Hayatı isimli (17.1) eserinde, kralı İÖ. 54 yılında bir kent inşasıyla ilişkilendiren münferit bir örnek bulunmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar hiçbir Galatia yerleşimini bu kentle eşleştirmek mümkün olmamakla birlikte bu çalışmada bunun Armenia Minor Bölgesi'nde, Ephrates yakınlarında aranabileceği önerilmiştir. Zira orada Byzantion'lu Stephanos'un açıkça Galatlar tarafından kurulduğunu aktardığı Sintoion adında Kelt ismi taşıyan bir yerleşim bulunmaktadır. Yazar bu soruna öneriler getirdikten sonra, Hellenistik krallar arasında oldukça yaygın olan ve Mithradates VI Eupator tarafından sık sık kullanılmasında olduğu üzere, açık bir şekilde sülaleden birisiyle isimlendirme geleneği sergileyen, Mithradates tarafından kurulmuş olan sınır kalesi Synhorion konusuna değinmiştir. Buna göre yazar burasının yeniden adlandırılmış veya bundan ziyade Sinorix'in oğlu Deiotaros tarafından Sinorix Phourion (App. Mithr. 101. 463; 107. 503) ya da daha sonra Sinoria (Strab. geogr. 12. 3. 37) formunu alan *Sinorigia olarak yeniden yorumlanmış olabileceğini düşün­mek­tedir. Yazar bu çalışmasında burasının, Crassus yaşamını kaybetmesine neden olan talihsiz Parthia seferi için geldiği sırada, Deiotaros tarafından inşa edilmekte olan kent olduğunu önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Galatia,Armenia Minor,Deiotaros,Helenizasyon,kentleşme,Kelt yer adları,Sin¬toion,Synhorion/Sinorigia

War der Galaterkönig Deiotaros ein Städtegründer? Neue Vorschläge zu einigen kleinasiatischen Toponymen auf Sin-/Syn-

Öz

References

1. M. Arslan, The Coinage of Ancyra, Ankara, Ankara 2004.
2. J. Bennett, Ancyra, Metropolis Provinciae Galatiae, in: P. R. Wilson – J. S. Wacher (eds.): The Archaeology of Roman Towns, Oxford 2003, 1–12.
3. J. Bennett, The Political and Physical Topography of Early Imperial Graeco-Roman Ancyra, Anatolica 32, 2006, 189–227.
4. U. Ph. Boissevain, Cassii Dionis Cocceiani Historiarum Romanarum quae supersunt, Bd. I, Berlin 1895.
5. E. Bosch, Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ankara im Altertum, Ankara 1967.
6. C. Brixhe, La langue comme critère d'acculturation: l'exemple du grec d'un district phrygien, Hethitica 8, 1985, 45–80.
7. A. Bryer – D. Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, 2 vols., Washington 1985.
8. A. Coşkun, Amici Populi Romani (APR). Prosopography of the Foreign Friends of Rome. Trier 2007–2008 and Waterloo, ON 2010ff. URL: http://amicipopuliromani.com.

9. A. Coşkun, Amicitiae und politische Ambitionen im Kontext der causa Deiotariana, in: Roms auswärtige Freunde in der späten Republik und im frühen Prinzipat, Göttingen 2005, 127–154.
10. A. Coşkun, Das Ende der “romfreundlichen” Herrschaft in Galatien und das Beispiel einer “sanften” Provinzialisierung in Zentralanatolien, in: A. Coşkun (ed.), Freundschaft und Gefolgschaft in den auswärtigen Beziehungen der Römer (2. Jh. v. Chr. – 1. Jh. n. Chr.), Frankfurt/Main 2008, 133–164 (with maps 3‒4).
11. A. Coşkun, Der Ankyraner Kaiserkult und die Transformation galatischer und phrygisch-galatischer Identitäten in Zentralanatolien im Spiegel der Münzquellen, in: A. Coşkun, H. Heinen und S. Pfeiffer (eds.), Repräsentation von Identität und Zugehörigkeit im Osten der griechisch-römischen Welt, Frankfurt/Main 2009, 173–211.
12. A. Coşkun, Interkulturelle Ortsnamen in Zentralkleinasien und Galatische Geschichte, in: W. Ahrens et al. (eds.), Names in Multi-Lingual, Multi-Cultural and Multi-Ethnic Contact. Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences (ICOS XXIII), August 17‒22, York University, Toronto 2009, 243–253.
13. A. Coşkun, Galatians and Seleukids: a Century of Conflict and Cooperation, in: K. Erickson ‒ G. Ramsey (eds.): Seleucid Dissolution: Fragmentation and Trans¬formation of Empire (Exeter, July 2008), Wiesbaden 2011, 85–106.
14. A. Coşkun, Annäherungen an die galatische Elite der hellenistischen Zeit, in: B. Dreyer ‒ P. F. Mittag (eds.), Lokale Eliten und hellenistische Könige. Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation, Berlin 2011, 80–104 (Oikumene 8).
15. A. Coşkun, Intercultural Anthroponomy in Hellenistic and Roman Galatia. With Maps Drawn by Michael Grün and April Ross, Gephyra 9, 2012, 51–68.
16. A. Coşkun, Belonging and Isolation in Central Anatolia: the Galatians in the Graeco-Roman World, in: S. Ager – R. Faber (eds.): Belonging and Isolation in the Hellenistic World (Waterloo, August 2008), Toronto 2013, 73–96.
17. A. Coşkun, Von Anatolia bis Inscriptions of Ankara: Zwanzig Jahre Forschungen zum antiken Galatien (1993‒2012), demnächst in Anatolica 39, 2013.
18. A. Coşkun, Latène-Artefakte im hellenistischen Kleinasien: ein problematisches Kriterium für die Bestimmung der ethnischen Identität(en) der Galater, in Vorbereitung.
19. T. Cross – G. Leiser, A Brief History of Ankara, Vacaville CA 2000.
20. O. Cuntz, Itineraria Antonini Augusti et Burdigalense, Leipzig 1929.
21. G. Darbyshire – S. Mitchell – L. Vardar, The Galatian Settlement in Asia Minor, AS 50, 2000, 75–97.
22. X. Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris 22003.
23. X. Delamarre, Noms de lieux celtiques de l'Europe ancienne, Paris 2012.
24. W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum, vols. I–II, Leipzig 1903/5, Nd. Hildesheim 1970.
25. A. Falileyev, Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names: A Celtic Com-panion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, in collaboration with A.E. Gohil and N. Ward Aberystwyth 2010 (For a map, cf. http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/ dspace/handle/2160/282).
26. R. Flacelière – É. Chambry, Plutarque, Vies, Bd. VIII: Sertorius – Eumène – Agésilas –Pompée, Paris 1973.
27. D. French, Roman, Late Roman and Byzantine Inscriptions of Ankara, Ankara 2003.
28. Ph. Freeman, The Galatian Language. A Comprehensive Survey of the Language of the Ancient Celts in Greco-Roman Asia Minor, Lewiston/NY 2001.
29. W. Hoben, Untersuchungen zur Stellung kleinasiatischer Dynasten in den Machtkämpfen der ausgehenden römischen Republik, Diss. Mainz 1969.
30. A. Th. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz (ACS), 3 vols., Leipzig 1896–1913.
31. E. Honigmann, Σινορία; Σιντοῖον, RE 3A,1, 1927, 255f.; 259.
32. G. R. Isaac, The Antonine Itinerary Land Routes. Place-Names of Ancient Europe and Asia Minor, Aberystwyth 2002.
33. G. R. Isaac, Place-Names in Ptolemy's Geography. An Electronic Data Base with Etymological Analysis of the Celtic Name-Elements. Aberystwyth 2004.
34. M. Kadıoğlu – K. Görkay – S. Mitchell, Roman Ancyra. Translation: E. Keser-Kayaalp. Istanbul 2011.
35. J. T. Koch, An Atlas for Celtic Studies: Archaeology and Names in Ancient Europe and Early Medieval Ireland, Britain, and Brittany, Oxford 2007.
36. E. R. Luján, The Galatian Place Names in Ptolemy and the Methodological Problems of Dealing with Celtic Linguistic Evidence in Asia Minor, in J. de Hoz ‒ E. R. Luján ‒ P. Sims-Williams (eds.): New Approaches to Celtic Place Names in Ptolemy' Geography, Madrid 2005, 253‒265.
37. D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, 2 vols., Princeton/N.J. 1950.
38. J. Malitz, Die Historien des Poseidonios, München 1983.
39. K. Miller, Itinera Romana, Stuttgart 1916.
40. S. Mitchell, Blucium and Peium: the Galatian Forts of King Deiotarus, AS 24, 1974, 61–75.
41. S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 1: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule; vol. 2: The Rise of the Church, Oxford 1993.
42. S. Mitchell, Römische Macht im frühkaiserzeitlichen Ankara – Verwaltung oder Herrschaft?, in: R. Haensch – J. Heinrichs (eds.): Herrschen und Verwalten. Der Alltag der römischen Administration in der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Köln 2007, 366–377 mit Taf. XXII‒XXIV.
43. S. Mitchell ‒ D. French, The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Ankara. Vol. I: From Augustus to the End of the Third Century AD, München 2012 (Vestigia 62).
44. G. Nachtergael, Les Galates en Grèce et les Sôtéria de Delphes. Recherche d'histoire et d'épigraphie hellénistiques, Brüssel 1977.
45. B. Niese, Zur Geschichte der keltischen Wanderungen, Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur 42, 1898, 129–161.
46. K. H. Schmidt, „Galatische Sprachreste“, in: E. Schwertheim, Elmar (Hg.): Forschungen in Galatien, Bonn 1994, 15–28.
47. P. Sims-Williams, Ancient Celtic Place-Names in Europe and Asia Minor, Oxford 2006.
48. W. Stokes ‒ A. Bezzenberger, Wortschatz der keltischen Spracheinheit, 41894, Göttingen 51979.
49. K. Strobel, Die Galater, vol. 1: Geschichte und Eigenart der keltischen Staaten-bildung auf dem Boden des hellenistischen Kleinasien, Berlin 1996.
50. K. Strobel, Ankara. Metropole der modernen Türkei – zentraler Ort des alten Anatolien, in: Joachim Gorecki/ Egon Schallmayer (Hgg.): Historische Landschaften. Eine pittoreske Reise zu den antiken Stätten der türkischen Mittelmeerküste, Mainz 2000, 107f.
51. K. Strobel, State Formation by the Galatians of Asia Minor. Politico-Historical and Cultural Processes in Hellenistic Central Anatolia, Anatolica 28, 1–44. Vgl. dens.: Die Staatenbildung bei den kleinasiatischen Galatern. Politisch-historische und kulturelle Prozesse im hellenistischen Zentralanatolien, in: H. Blum u. a. (eds.), Brückenland Anatolien? Ursachen, Extensität und Modi des Kulturaustausches zwischen Anatolien und seinen Nachbarn, Tübingen 2002, 231–293.
52. K. Strobel, Menschenopfer und Kannibalismus. neue Erkenntnisse zur Kultpraxis und Kultur der Keltenvölker in Kleinasien, AW 33, 487–491.
53. K. Strobel ‒ Ch. Gerber, Tavium (Büyüknefes, Provinz Yozgat). Ein regionales Zentrum Anatoliens. Bericht über den Stand der Forschungen nach den ersten drei Kampagnen (1997–1999). Mit einem Beitrag von G. Erath, Ist. Mitt. 50, 2000, 215–265.
54. R. D. Sullivan, Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100‒30 B.C., Toronto 1990.
55. R. Syme, Anatolia, Oxford 1995.
56. R. J. A. Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton 2000.
57. M. Tröster, Ariobarzanes, in: Coşkun, APR 2007.
58. M. M. Voigt, Celts at Gordion: The Late Hellenistic Settlement. Expedition 45, 2003, 14–19.
59. L. Weisgerber, Galatische Sprachreste, in: R. W. O. Helm (ed.), Natalicium. J. Geffken zum 70. Geburtstag, Heidelberg 1931, 151–175.
60. L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen, Heidelberg 1984 (BNF NF Beiheft 21).