Research Article
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Comparison of Metaphorical Perceptions of Classroom Teachers and Candidates Regarding Artificial Intelligence

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1972 - 1999, 29.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1628903
https://izlik.org/JA54FB48NW

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI), which has started to be used in many fields today, is also taking its place effectively in education. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal the metaphorical perceptions of classroom teachers and pre-service classroom teachers about artificial intelligence. For this, the phenomenology approach, which is one of the qualitative research designs, was used. 124 classroom teachers and 96 pre-service classroom teachers participated in the study. Participants were asked to reveal their perceptions of 'artificial intelligence' with a metaphor and explain why using the Google Form via the WhatsApp application. The data was analysed and grouped into themes. 66 out of 114 valid metaphors created by classroom teachers for AI were different metaphors. These consisted of technology, the human mind, nature, danger, and artificial themes. It was observed that 52 of the 94 valid metaphors created by classroom teacher candidates for artificial intelligence were different from each other. Pre-service teachers see AI as a combination of technology, the human mind, nature, and danger. They also used metaphors like 'robot', 'human', 'machine', and 'helper'. Pre-service teachers used metaphors like 'brain', 'mind', and 'intelligence' more often. Classroom teachers and pre-service classroom teachers perceive AI as a source of information that can solve problems quickly, but they also perceive it as an intelligent technology that has limitations because it is a machine produced by humans.

Ethical Statement

The research was approved by Amasya University Social Sciences Ethics Committee with the decision dated 06.05.2024 and numbered 192054.

References

  • Aktaş, A. (2021). Yönetici ve öğretmen görüşlerine göre yapay zekâ: Bir metafor çalışması. [Artificial intelligence according to the views of administrators and teachers: A metaphor study] Full Text Proceedings Book of the 1st National Congress on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Education (pp. 4-36) Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
  • Alwaqdani, M. (2024). Investigating teachers’ perceptions of artificial intelligence tools in education: potential and difficulties. Education and Information Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12903-9
  • Ayanwale, M.A., Sanusi, I.T., Molefi, R.R., & Otunla, A.O. (2024). A Structural equation approach and modelling of pre-service teachers' perspectives of cybersecurity education. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 3699–3727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11973-5
  • Benzer, R., & Benzer, S. (2022). Bilişim alanı lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yapay zekâ konusundaki görüşleri [The views of graduate students in the field of informatics on artificial intelligence]. Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 2022(10), 53-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/sbe.62139
  • Brauner, P., Hick, A., Philipsen, R., & Ziefle, M. (2023). What does the public think about artificial intelligence? A criticality map to understand bias in the public perception of AI. Frontiers in Computer Science, 5, 1113903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1113903
  • Chounta, I. A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pedaste, M. (2022). Exploring teachers’ perceptions of artifi cial intelligence as a tool to support their practice in Estonian K-12 education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32, 725–755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00243-5
  • Coşkun, F., & Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2021). Yapay zekanın tarihteki gelişimi ve eğitimde kullanımı [The development of artificial intelligence in history and its usage in education]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(3), 947-966. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.916220
  • Çam, M. B., Çelik, N. C., Turan Güntepe, E. & Durukan, Ü. G., (2021). Öğretmen adaylarının yapay zekâ teknolojileri ile ilgili farkındalıklarının belirlenmesi [Determining teacher candidates’ awareness of artificial intelligence technologies]. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(48), 263-285.
  • Çelik, I., Dindar, M., Muukkonen, H., & Järvelä, S. (2022). The promises and challenges of artificial intel ligence for teachers: A systematic review of research. TechTrends, 66, 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y
  • Eriçok, B., Karataş, F., & Yüce, E. (2024). Metaphorical perceptions of pre-service teachers regarding artificial intelligence (AI). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(2), 607-630. https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.1511500
  • Erkul, R. E. (2021). Yapay zekâ ve büyük veri nasıl bir gelecek vadediyor? [What future does artificial ıntelligence and big data promise?]. TRT Akademi, 6(11), 192-201.
  • Giorgi, A., & Giorgi, B. (2003). Phenomenology. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Haseski, H. İ. (2019). What do Turkish pre-service teachers think about artificial ıntelligence? International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools, 3(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21585/ijcses.v3i2.55
  • Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
  • Holstein, K., McLaren, B. M., & Aleven, V. (2019). Designing for complementarity: Teacher and student needs for orchestration support in AI-enhanced classrooms. Paper presented at the Artificial Intel ligence in Education: 20th International Conference, AIED 2019, Chicago, IL, USA, June 25–29, 2019, Proceedings, Part I 20.
  • Incerti, F. (2020). Preservice teachers? Perceptions of artificial intelligence tutors for learning [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ohio University.
  • Kim, S.W. (2024). Development of a TPACK educational program to enhance pre-service teachers' teaching expertise in artificial ıntelligence convergence education. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering & Information Technology, 14 (1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.14.1.19552
  • Lim, E. M. (2024). Metaphor analysis on pre-service early childhood teachers’ conception of AI (Artificial Intelligence) education for young children. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51, 101455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101455
  • Lindner, A., & Romeike, R. (18-20 Kasım 2019). Teachers’ perspectives on artificial intelligence. (Oral presentation). ISSEP 2019- 12th International conference on informatics in schools: Situation, evaluation and perspectives. Larnaca, Cyprus.
  • Luckin, R. (2018). Machine learning and human intelligence: the future of education for the 21st century University College London Institute of Education Press.
  • Megahed, F. M., Chen, Y. J., Ferris, J. A., Knoth, S., & Jones- Farmer, L. A. (2024). How generative ai models such as chatgpt can be (mis) used in spc practice, education, and research? An exploratory study. Quality Engineering, 36(2), 287-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2023.2206479
  • Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Sage.
  • Orbay, M. (Editör), Taşdemir, D.D. & Kara, M. (2024). Yapay zekaya sahip sistemlerde etik model önerisi [Proposal for an ethical model in systems with artificial intelligence]. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Özer, S., Sancar-Yazıcı, A., Akgül, S., & Yıldırım, A. (2023). Teachers’ views on the use of artificial intelligence in schools. Ulusal Eğitim Dergisi, 3(10), 1776-1794
  • Park, J., Bai, B., Ryu, D., Liu, T., Lee, C., Luo, Y., Lee, M. J., Huang, L., Shin, J., Zhang, Y., Ryu, D., Li, Y., Kim, G., Min, H., Ozcan, A., & Park, Y. (2023). Artificial intelligence-enabled quantitative phase imaging methods for life sciences. Nature Methods, 20(11), 1645-1660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-023-02041-4
  • Saçan, S., Yaralı, K. T., & Kavruk, S. Z. (2022). Çocukların “yapay zeka” kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarının incelenmesi [Investigation of metaphorical perceptions of children on the concept of “artificial intelligence”]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (64), 274-296. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1074024
  • Satır, T & Korucu A.T. (2023). An Evaluation on the use of artificial intelligence in education specific to ChatGPT. Shanlax International Journal of Education 12(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v12i1.6513
  • Tartuk, M. (2023). Metaphorical perceptions of middle school students regarding the concept of artificial intelligence. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 11(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.11n.2p.108
  • Walan, S. (2024). Primary school students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence–for good or bad. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10798-024-09898-2
  • Yan, L., Greiff, S., Teuber, Z., & Gašević, D. (2024). Promises and challenges of generative artificial intelligence for human learning. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(10), 1839-1850. doi: 10.1038/s41562-024-02004-5.
  • Yang, W. (2022). Artificial Intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100061
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. Baskı) [Qualitative research methods in social sciences (10th edition)]. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, A. & Kaya, U. (2021). Derin öğrenme (3. Baskı) [Deep learning (3rd edition)]. Kodlab.
  • Zhai, X. (2022). ChatGPT user experience: Implications for education. Available at SSRN 4312418. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4312418
  • Zhang, K., & Aslan, A. B. (2021). AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100025–100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100025
  • Zhang, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Study on artificial ıntelligence: The State of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23, Article 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100224

Sınıf Öğretmenleri ve Adaylarının Yapay Zekaya ilişkin Metaforik Algılarının Karşılaştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1972 - 1999, 29.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1628903
https://izlik.org/JA54FB48NW

Abstract

Günümüzde birçok alanda kullanılmaya başlayan yapa zeka, eğitimde de etkili bir şekilde yerini almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı sınıf öğretmeni ve sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının yapay zekaya ilişkin metaforik algılarını ortaya koymaktır. Bunun için nitel araştırma desenlerinden biri olan olgu bilim yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya 124 sınıf öğretmeni ve 96 sınıf öğretmeni adayı katılmıştır. WhatsApp uygulaması üzerinden google form ile katılımcılardan “yapay zeka” kavramına dair algılarını bir metaforla ortaya koymaları ve bu metaforu neden kullandıklarını açıklamak için “Yapay zeka ... gibidir. Çünkü; …” cümlelerini tamamlamaları istenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizine tabi tutularak ortak temalar altında toplanmıştır. Sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapay zekaya yönelik oluşturdukları geçerli 114 metaforun 66’sı birbirinden farklı metafor olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapay zeka algıları; teknolojik ve mekanik yapı, insana özgü, soyut kavramlar, doğa, tehlike ve yapay temalarından oluşmaktadır. Sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının yapay zekaya yönelik oluşturdukları geçerli 94 metaforun 52’sinin birbirinden farklı metafor olduğu görülmüştür. Sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının yapay zeka algıları; teknolojik ve mekanik yapı, insana özgü, soyut kavramlar, doğa, tehlike, yapay ve karışık temalarından oluşmaktadır. Sınıf öğretmeni ve sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının yapay zekaya ilişkin algılarının robot, insan, makine ve yardımcı metaforları üzerinde birleştiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Öğretmen adayları öğretmenlerden farklı olarak beyin, akıl ve zeka metaforlarını daha çok vurgulamışlardır. Sınıf öğretmenleri ve sınıf öğretmeni adayları yapay zekayı hızlı problem çözebilen bilgi kaynağı olarak görmekle beraber insanların ürettiği makine olmasından dolayı sınırlılığı olan, düşünebilen, akıllı bir teknoloji olarak algılamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Araştırma, 06.05.2024 tarihli ve 192054 sayılı karar ile Amasya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır.

References

  • Aktaş, A. (2021). Yönetici ve öğretmen görüşlerine göre yapay zekâ: Bir metafor çalışması. [Artificial intelligence according to the views of administrators and teachers: A metaphor study] Full Text Proceedings Book of the 1st National Congress on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Education (pp. 4-36) Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
  • Alwaqdani, M. (2024). Investigating teachers’ perceptions of artificial intelligence tools in education: potential and difficulties. Education and Information Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12903-9
  • Ayanwale, M.A., Sanusi, I.T., Molefi, R.R., & Otunla, A.O. (2024). A Structural equation approach and modelling of pre-service teachers' perspectives of cybersecurity education. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 3699–3727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11973-5
  • Benzer, R., & Benzer, S. (2022). Bilişim alanı lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yapay zekâ konusundaki görüşleri [The views of graduate students in the field of informatics on artificial intelligence]. Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 2022(10), 53-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/sbe.62139
  • Brauner, P., Hick, A., Philipsen, R., & Ziefle, M. (2023). What does the public think about artificial intelligence? A criticality map to understand bias in the public perception of AI. Frontiers in Computer Science, 5, 1113903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1113903
  • Chounta, I. A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pedaste, M. (2022). Exploring teachers’ perceptions of artifi cial intelligence as a tool to support their practice in Estonian K-12 education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32, 725–755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00243-5
  • Coşkun, F., & Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2021). Yapay zekanın tarihteki gelişimi ve eğitimde kullanımı [The development of artificial intelligence in history and its usage in education]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(3), 947-966. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.916220
  • Çam, M. B., Çelik, N. C., Turan Güntepe, E. & Durukan, Ü. G., (2021). Öğretmen adaylarının yapay zekâ teknolojileri ile ilgili farkındalıklarının belirlenmesi [Determining teacher candidates’ awareness of artificial intelligence technologies]. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(48), 263-285.
  • Çelik, I., Dindar, M., Muukkonen, H., & Järvelä, S. (2022). The promises and challenges of artificial intel ligence for teachers: A systematic review of research. TechTrends, 66, 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y
  • Eriçok, B., Karataş, F., & Yüce, E. (2024). Metaphorical perceptions of pre-service teachers regarding artificial intelligence (AI). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(2), 607-630. https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.1511500
  • Erkul, R. E. (2021). Yapay zekâ ve büyük veri nasıl bir gelecek vadediyor? [What future does artificial ıntelligence and big data promise?]. TRT Akademi, 6(11), 192-201.
  • Giorgi, A., & Giorgi, B. (2003). Phenomenology. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Haseski, H. İ. (2019). What do Turkish pre-service teachers think about artificial ıntelligence? International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools, 3(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21585/ijcses.v3i2.55
  • Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
  • Holstein, K., McLaren, B. M., & Aleven, V. (2019). Designing for complementarity: Teacher and student needs for orchestration support in AI-enhanced classrooms. Paper presented at the Artificial Intel ligence in Education: 20th International Conference, AIED 2019, Chicago, IL, USA, June 25–29, 2019, Proceedings, Part I 20.
  • Incerti, F. (2020). Preservice teachers? Perceptions of artificial intelligence tutors for learning [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ohio University.
  • Kim, S.W. (2024). Development of a TPACK educational program to enhance pre-service teachers' teaching expertise in artificial ıntelligence convergence education. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering & Information Technology, 14 (1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.14.1.19552
  • Lim, E. M. (2024). Metaphor analysis on pre-service early childhood teachers’ conception of AI (Artificial Intelligence) education for young children. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51, 101455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101455
  • Lindner, A., & Romeike, R. (18-20 Kasım 2019). Teachers’ perspectives on artificial intelligence. (Oral presentation). ISSEP 2019- 12th International conference on informatics in schools: Situation, evaluation and perspectives. Larnaca, Cyprus.
  • Luckin, R. (2018). Machine learning and human intelligence: the future of education for the 21st century University College London Institute of Education Press.
  • Megahed, F. M., Chen, Y. J., Ferris, J. A., Knoth, S., & Jones- Farmer, L. A. (2024). How generative ai models such as chatgpt can be (mis) used in spc practice, education, and research? An exploratory study. Quality Engineering, 36(2), 287-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2023.2206479
  • Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Sage.
  • Orbay, M. (Editör), Taşdemir, D.D. & Kara, M. (2024). Yapay zekaya sahip sistemlerde etik model önerisi [Proposal for an ethical model in systems with artificial intelligence]. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Özer, S., Sancar-Yazıcı, A., Akgül, S., & Yıldırım, A. (2023). Teachers’ views on the use of artificial intelligence in schools. Ulusal Eğitim Dergisi, 3(10), 1776-1794
  • Park, J., Bai, B., Ryu, D., Liu, T., Lee, C., Luo, Y., Lee, M. J., Huang, L., Shin, J., Zhang, Y., Ryu, D., Li, Y., Kim, G., Min, H., Ozcan, A., & Park, Y. (2023). Artificial intelligence-enabled quantitative phase imaging methods for life sciences. Nature Methods, 20(11), 1645-1660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-023-02041-4
  • Saçan, S., Yaralı, K. T., & Kavruk, S. Z. (2022). Çocukların “yapay zeka” kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarının incelenmesi [Investigation of metaphorical perceptions of children on the concept of “artificial intelligence”]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (64), 274-296. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1074024
  • Satır, T & Korucu A.T. (2023). An Evaluation on the use of artificial intelligence in education specific to ChatGPT. Shanlax International Journal of Education 12(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v12i1.6513
  • Tartuk, M. (2023). Metaphorical perceptions of middle school students regarding the concept of artificial intelligence. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 11(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.11n.2p.108
  • Walan, S. (2024). Primary school students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence–for good or bad. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10798-024-09898-2
  • Yan, L., Greiff, S., Teuber, Z., & Gašević, D. (2024). Promises and challenges of generative artificial intelligence for human learning. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(10), 1839-1850. doi: 10.1038/s41562-024-02004-5.
  • Yang, W. (2022). Artificial Intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100061
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. Baskı) [Qualitative research methods in social sciences (10th edition)]. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, A. & Kaya, U. (2021). Derin öğrenme (3. Baskı) [Deep learning (3rd edition)]. Kodlab.
  • Zhai, X. (2022). ChatGPT user experience: Implications for education. Available at SSRN 4312418. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4312418
  • Zhang, K., & Aslan, A. B. (2021). AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100025–100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100025
  • Zhang, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Study on artificial ıntelligence: The State of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23, Article 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100224
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Classroom Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Volkan Sayın 0000-0002-7365-0050

Keziban Orbay 0000-0002-7642-4139

Submission Date January 29, 2025
Acceptance Date September 29, 2025
Early Pub Date November 25, 2025
Publication Date November 29, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1628903
IZ https://izlik.org/JA54FB48NW
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sayın, V., & Orbay, K. (2025). Comparison of Metaphorical Perceptions of Classroom Teachers and Candidates Regarding Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Turkish Education Sciences, 13(3), 1972-1999. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1628903