Adsorption Study of Kinetics and Equilibrium of Basic Dye on Kola Nut Pod Carbon

Abstract

The effect of adsorption parameters such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time, and adsorption kinetics and isotherm of Fuchsine basic (FB) dye removal by acid activated kola nut pod carbon (KPAC) and base activated kola nut pod carbon (KPBC) was observed in this study. Pseudo-first order model and pseudo-second order model was the selected kinetics model. Result obtained suggested that the pseudo-second order model fitted the adsorption data than the pseudo-first order model, as gathered from their regression coefficients (R²) and rate constants (K). Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm model were used in fitting the experimental data, and the regression coefficients (R²) of Langmuir isotherm shows that it better described the adsorption isotherm of FB dye adsorption using the produced activated carbons than the Freundlich isotherm model. Experimental result also showed that the adsorption of FB dye using KPAC and KPBC is dependent on pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time. Kola nut pod is a good precursor for producing cheap and highly efficient activated carbon.

Keywords

• Activated carbon,Adsorption,Fuchsine basic,Isotherm,Kinetic

References

1. Ahmad, M.A. and Rahman, N.K., “Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R dye adsorption on coffee husk-based activated carbon”, Chem. Eng. J., 170: 154–161, (2011).
2. Ahmadpour, A., “The preparation of activated carbon from macadamia nutshell by chemical activation”, Carbon, 35: 1723–1732, (1997).
3. Aljeboree, A.M., Alshirifi, A.N. and Alkaim, A.F., “Kinetics and equilibrium study for the adsorption of textile dyes on coconut shell activated carbon”, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.01.020, (2014).
4. Arivoli, S., Hema, M. and Prasath, P.M.D., “Adsorption of malachite green onto carbon produced from borassus bark”, The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 34(2A): 31–42, (2009).
5. Armagan, B., and Toprak, F. “Optimum isotherm parameters for reactive azo dye on pistachio nut shells: Comparison of linear and nonlinear methods”, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 22(4): 1007–1011, (2013).
6. Ayanda, O.S., Adeyi, O., Durojaiye, B. and Olafisoye, O., “Adsorption kinetics and intra-particulate diffusivities of congo red onto kola nut pod carbon”, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 21(5): 1147–1152, (2012).
7. Banat, F. and Al-Bastaki, N., “Treating dye wastewater by an integrated process of adsorption using activated carbon and ultrafiltration”, Desalination, 170: 69–75, (2004).
8. Bhole, V. and Ramteke, D.S., “Preferential adsorption of heavy metals on activated carbon”, Bangladesh Journal of Sci. and Industrial Research, 46(2): 211–218, (2011).

9. Burdock, G.A., Carabin, G.I.G. and Crincoli, C.M., “Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient”, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(8): 1725–1732, (2009).
10. Chandra, T.C., Mirna, M.M., Sudaryanto, Y. and Ismadji, S., “Adsorption of basic dye onto activated carbon prepared from durian shell: Studies of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 127(1-3): 121–129, (2007).
11. El-Wakil, A.M., Abou El-Maaty, W.M., Awad, F.S. and Oudah, A.A., “Solid phase extraction and determination of cationic azo dye from aqueous solution using dried papyrus plant”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(2): 2045–2052, (2015).
12. Figueiredo, J.L., Sousa, P.S., Orge, C.A., Pereira, M.F.R. and Orfao, J.J.M., “Adsorption of dyes on carbon xerogels and templated carbon influence of surface chemistry”, Adsorption, 17(3): 431–441, (2000).
13. Freundlich, H. and Heller, W., “The adsorption of cis- and transazobenzene”, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 61: 2228–2230, (1939). Golob, V., Vinder, A. and Simonic, M., “Efficiency of coagulation/ flocculation method for the treatment of dye bath effluents”, Dyes and Pigments, 67(2): 93–97, (2005).
14. Gopinath, K.P., Murugesan, S., Abraham, J. and Muthukumar, K., “Bacillus sp. mutant for improved biodegradation of congo red: random mutagenesis approach”, Bioresource Technol., 100(4): 6295–6300, (2009).
15. Guo, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Yang, S., Wang, Z. and Xu, H., “Use of Rice Husk Based Porous Carbon for the Adsorption Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution”, Dyes and Pigments, 66: 123–128, (2005).
16. Ho, Y.S., and McKay, G. “Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes”, Process Biochem, 34: 451–465, (1999).
17. Khadhraoui, M., Trabelsi, H., Ksibi, M., Bouguerra, S. and Elleuch, B., “Decoloration and detoxification of a congo red solution by means of ozone treatment for a possible water reuse”, J. Hazard Mater, 161: 974–981, (2009).
18. Khaled, A., El Nemr, A., Ei-Sikaily, A. and Abdelwahab, A., “Treatment of artificial textile dye effluent containing direct yellow 12 by orange peel carbon”, Desalination, 238: 210–232, (2009).
19. Lagergren, S., “About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances”, Kungliga Suensk Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 241: 1–39, (1898).
20. Langmuir, I., “Adsorption of gases on plain surfaces of glass mica Platinum”, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 40: 1361–1403, (1918).
21. Malarvizhi, R. and Sulochana, N., “Sorption isotherm and kinetic studies of methylene blue uptake onto activated carbon prepared from wood apple shell”, J Environ Protect Sci, 2: 40–46, (2008).
22. Mall , I.D., Srivastava, V.C., Agarwal, N.K. and Mishra, I.M., “Adsorptive removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analysis”, Colloids and surfaces, 264: 17–28, (2005).
23. Mane, P. C., Bhosle, A. B., Deshmukh, P.D. and Jangam, C.M., “Chromium adsorption on activated carbon derived from tendu (diospyros melanoxylon) leaf refuse: Influence of metal/carbon ratio, time and pH”, Advances in Applied Science Research, 1(3): 212–221, (2010).
24. Mo, J.H., Lee, Y.H., Kim, J., Jeong, J.Y. and Jegal, J., “Treatment of dye aqueous solutions using nanofiltration polyamide composite membranes for the dye wastewater reuse”, Dyes and Pigments, 76(2): 429–434, (2008).
25. Namasivayam, C. and Kavitha, D., “Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste”, Dyes and Pigments, 54(2002): 47–58, (2001).
26. Oladayo, A., Olushola, S.A., Godwin, O.O. and Olamide, G., “Adsorption kinetics and intra-particulate diffusivity of Aniline blue dye onto activated plantain peels carbon”, Chemical Science Transactions, 2(1): 294–300, (2012).
27. Porkodi, K. and Vasanth Kumar, K., “Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism modeling and simulation of basic and acid dyes sorption onto jute fiber carbon: Eosin yellow, malachite green and crystal violet single component systems”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143: 311–327, (2007).
28. Prakash Kumar, B.G., Shivakamy, K., Miranda, L.R. and Velan, M., “Preparation of steam activated carbon from rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) and its adsorption kinetics”, J. Hazard. Mater., B136: 922–929, (2006).
29. Rahman, I.A., Saad, B., Shaidan, S. and Sya Rizal, E.S., “Adsorption characteristics of malachite green on activated carbon derived from rice husks produced by chemical–thermal process”, Bioresource Technology, 96: 1578–1583, (2005).
30. Rehman, M.S., Munir, M., Ashfaq, M., Rashid, N., Nazar, M.F., Danish, M. and Han, J., “Adsorption of brilliant green dye from aqueous solution onto red clay”, Chem. Eng. J., 228: 54–62, (2013).
31. Robinson, T., Mcmullan, G., Marchant, R. and Nigam, P., “Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternatives”, Bioresour. Technol., 77: 247–255, (2001).
32. Safa, Y. and Bhatti, H.N., “Kinetics and thermodynamics modeling for the removal of direct red-31, and direct orange-26 dyes from aqueous solutions by rice husk”, Desalination, 272: 313–322, (2011).
33. Sharma, J. and Janveja, B., “A study on removal of congo red dye from the effluents of textile industry using rice husk carbon activated by steam”, Rasayan J. Chem, 1(4): 936–942, (2008).
34. Sudaryanto, Y., Hartono, S.B., Irawaty, W., Hindarso, H. and Ismadji, S., “High surface area activated carbon prepared from cassava peel by chemical activation”, Bioresour. Technol, 97: 734–739, (2006).
35. Sudhanshu, K., Bharat, S. and Singh, K.S., “Comparative study on removal of fluoride from groundwater by natural and modified bagasse carbon of sugarcane”, International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 8(3): 147–156, (2015).
36. Sreedhar, M.K. and Anirudhan, T.S., “Mercury (II) Adsorption of Desorption Characteristics of Coconut Husk Based Carbon-Kinetics and Self Diffusion”, Indian J Environ Protect, 19: 8, (1999).
37. Theivarasu, C. and Mylsamy, S., “Equilibrium and Kinetic adsorption studies of Rhodamine-B from aqueous solutions using cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell as a new adsorbent”, IJEST, 2:6284-6292 (2010).
38. Thinakaran, N., Baskaralingam, P., Pulikesi, M., Panneerselvam, P. and Sivanesan, S., “Removal of acid violet 17 from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from sunflower seed hull”, J. Hazard. Mater., 151:316–322, (2008).
39. Tseng, R.L. and Tseng, S.K., “Pore structure and adsorption performance of the KOH-activated carbons prepared from corncob”, J. Colloid Interface Sci, 287:428–437, (2005).
40. Unal, G., Gulce O. and Gizem, C.G., “Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Pea shells (PislumSativam)”, Journal of Chemistry, 3, Article ID614083, 9 pages, (2013).
41. Wahi, R.K., Yu, W.W., Liu, Y., Mejia, M.L., Falkner, J.C., Nolte, W. and Colvin, V.L., “Photodegradation of congo red catalized by nanosized TiO2”, J. Mol. Catal. A – Chem, 242: 48–56, (2005).
42. Yener, J., Kopac, T., Dogu, G. and Dogu. T., “Adsorption of basic yellow 28 from aqueous solutions with clinoptilolite and amberlite”, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 294: 255–264, (2006).