Acute Toxicity of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O) to Guppies (Poecilia reticulata P., 1859)

Abstract

In this study 96 hours LC50 values of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O); an important toxic industrial pollutant, on Poecilia reticulata were determined. Behavioral changes at different concentrations of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O) were monitored. The results were evaluated by the Statistical Probit Analysis Method and 96 hours LC50 value for guppies was found to be 30.826 mg/l. The lower and upper confidence limits for the LC50 were 30.387 and 31.280 mg/l, respectively.

 Key Words: Acute Toxicity, Zinc Sulphate, Bioassay, Poecilia Reticulata.

 

Keywords

• -

(Poecilia reticulata P., 1859)

Abstract

References

1. Goyer, R.A., “Toxic effect of metals. In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, The basic science of poisons (eds. Amdur, M.O., Doull, J., Klassen, C.D.)”, Permagon Press, New York, 1032 (1991).
2. McCarthy, J.F., Shugart, L.R., “Biomarkers of
3. Environmental Contamination”, Lewis Publishers, FL (1990).
4. Alloway, B.J., “Cadmium. In: Alloway, B.J. (Ed), “Heavy Metals in Soils, Blackie, Glasgow and London”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 100-124 (1990).
5. Agency for Toxic Compounds and Disease
6. Registry (ATSDR), “Toxicological profile for zinc”, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia (1993).
7. Hogstrand, C., Wood, C.M., “The physiology and toxicology of zinc in fish, in Taylor AW, ed., Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution, Physiological, Molecular and Cellular Approaches”, University of Cambridge, New York, NY, USA, 61-84 (1996).
8. Alsop, D.H., McGeer, L.C., McDonald, D.G., Wood, C.M., “Costs of chronic waterborne zinc exposure and the consequences of zinc acclimation on the gill/zinc interactions of rainbow trout in hard and soft water”, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18 (5): 1014-1025 (1999).

9. Malik, D.S., Sastry, K.V., Hamilton, D.P., “Effects
10. of zinc toxicity on biochemical composition of muscle and liver of murrel (Channa punctatus)”, Environ. Int., 24 (4): 433-438 (1998).
11. Khunyakari, R.P., Vrushali, T., Sharma, R.N., Tare, V., “Effects of some trace heavy metals on Poecilia reticulate”, J.Environ. Biol., 22 (2): 141- 144 (2001).
12. Bieniarz, K., Epler, P., Sokolowska-Mikolajczyk,
13. M., Popek, W., “Reproduction of fish in conditions disadvantageously altered with salts of zinc and copper”, Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 5 (1): 21-30 (997).
14. Khangarot, B.S., “Lethal effects of zinc and nickel on Hyrobiol., 9: 297-302 (1981). Acta Hydrochim
15. Pierson, K.B., “Effects of chronic zinc exposure on
16. the growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and bioaccumulation of the guppy”, Poecilia reticulata, Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Sci., 38 (1): 23-31 (1981).
17. Uviovo, E.J., Beatty, D.D., “Effects of chronic exposure to zinc on reproduction in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)”, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 23 (4/5): 650-657 (1979).
18. Crandall, C.A., Goodnight, C.J., “Effects of
19. sublethal concentrations of several toxicants on growth of the common guppy Lebistes reticulates”, Limnol. Oceanogr., 7 (2): 233-239 (1962).
20. Holcombe, G.W, Andrew, R.W., “The acute toxicity of zinc to rainbow and brook trout: comparison in hard and soft water”, US EPA- 600/03-78-094, 1-16 (1978).
21. Bradley, R.W., Sprague, J.B, “The influence of Ph, water hardness and alkalinity on the acute lethality of zinc on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)”, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 42: 731-736 (985).
22. Cusimano, R.F, Brakke, D.F., Chapman, G.A., “Effects of pH on the toxicities of cadmium, copper and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)”, Can. J. Aquat. Sci., 43: 1497-1503 (1986).
23. Spear, P.A., “Zinc in Aquatic Environment: Chemistry, Distribution and Toxicology. National Research Council of Canada: Environmental Secretariat Publication 17589”, Publications NRCC/CNRC, Ottawa (1981).
24. Solbe, J.F., de L.G, “The toxicity of zinc sulphate to rainbow trout in very hard water”, Water Res., 8: 389-391 (1974).
25. Khangarot, B.S., Sehgal, A., Bhasin, M.K., “Man and Biosphere-Studies on Sikkim Himalayas, Part 1: Acute toxicity of copper and zinc to common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) in soft water”, Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 11: 667-673 (1983).
26. Ball, I.., “The relative susceptibilities of some species of freshwater fish to poisons – II. Zinc”, Water. Res., 1: 777-783 (967).
27. “Su Kirliliği Kontrolü, Metod ve Kuralları, Zehirlilik Denemeleri (Water Pollution Control, Methods, Rules, Toxicity Tests)”, T.S.E., (Turkish Standards Institute), 5676, Ankara (1998).
28. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), “OECD Guidelines for testing of chemicals”, OECD, Paris (1993).
29. “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”, APHA (American Public Health association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), WPCP (Water Pollution Control Program, Washington D.C. (1971).
30. Finney, D.J., “Probit Analysis”, Cambiridge University Press, New York, 337 (1971).
31. “E.P.A., LC50 Software Program, Version 1.00”, Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) Distribution Center (1999).
32. Klassen, C.D., “Principles of Toxicology. In: Gilman, A.G., Tall, T.W., Nies, A.S., Taylor, P. (Eds.), Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”, Eighth Ed., McGraw-Hill, 49-61 (1991).
33. Richmonds, C., Dutta, H.M., “Effect of malathion on the optomotor behavior of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus”, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 102: 523-26 (1992).
34. Spehar, R.L., “Cadmium and zinc toxicity to flagfish Jardanella floridae”, Fish-Res-Board Can., 33 (9): 1939-1945 (1976).
35. Williams, N.D., Holdway, D.A., “The Effects of pulse-exposed cadmium and zinc on embryo hatchability larval development and survival of Australian (Melanotaenia Toxicology, 15 (3): 165-173 (2000). Environmental fluviatilis)”,
36. Gomez, S., Villar, C., Benotto, C., “Zinc toxicity in the fish Cnesterodon decemmeculatus in the Parana River and Rio de la Plata Estuary”, Environmental Pollution, 99 (2): 159-165 (1998).
37. Herrera, A.A., Amparado, E.A., Santos, M.D., “Laboratory studies on the effect of heavy metals (Zn and Cu) and on organophosphate (Gusation) on Chanos chanos”, Third-National-Symposium- in-Marine-Scince-of-the-Philippine-Association- of-Marine-Scince, Pams Philippines (1995).
38. Finlayson, B.J., Verrue, K.M., “Toxicities of copper, zinc and cadmium mixture to juvenile chinook salmon”, Trans. Am Fish Soc., 111: 645- 650 (1982).
39. Khangarot, B.S., Durve, V.S., Rajbanish, V.K., “Toxicity of interaction zinc-nickel, copper-nickel and zinc-nickel-copper to a freshwater teleost, Lebistes reticulatus (Peters)”, Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol., 9 (5): 495-503 (1981).