Effects of Resveratrol and Potassium Bromate on Cholesterol, Vitamin E and A Level in Lung, Liver and Kidney of Wistar Rats

Abstract

In the present study, Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1. Control (C), 2. KBrO₃ (K), 3. Resveratrol+KBrO₃ (R). In tissues, cholesterol and vitamins analyses were performed by HPLC. According to our results, while the level of cholesterol increased in the K group, its level decreased in the R group when compared to C group in the lung. δ-tocopherol and cholesterol levels decreased in the K and R groups when compared to C group in the liver. Retinol and cholesterol levels decreased in the K and R groups when compared to C group in the kidney. In conclusion, our results indicated that the applications of resveratrol and potassium bromate influenced cholesterol and lipophylic vitamins levels and these applications can be affected cholesterol biosynthesis in Wistar albino rats.

Keywords

• Resveratrol
• potassium bromate
• liver
• kidney
• cholesterol.

References

1. Baur, J.A., and Sinclair, D.A., “Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence”, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 5: 493–506, (2006).
2. Saiko, P., Szakmary, A., Jaeger, W., and Szekeres, T., “Resveratrol and its analogs: defense against cancer, coronary disease and neurodegenerative maladies or just a fad?”, Mutat Res Rev, 658: 68– 94, (2008).
3. Han, Y.S., Zheng, W.H., Bastianetto, S., Chabot, J.G., and Quirion, R., “Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol against β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons: involvement of protein kinase C”, Br J Pharmacol, 141: 997–1005, (2004).
4. Anekonda, T.S., “Resveratrol - A boon for treating Alzheimer's disease?”, Brain Res Rev, 52: 316–326, (2006).
5. Wang, Q., Xu, J., and Rottinghaus, G.E., “Resveratrol protects against global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils”, Brain Res, 958: 439– 447, (2002).
6. Uguralp, S., Mizrak, B., and Karabulut, A.B., “Resveratrol reduces ischemia reperfusion injury after experimental testicular torsion”, Eur J Pediatr Surg, 15: 114–119, (2005).
7. Wang, Q., Yu, S., Simonyi. A., Rottinghaus. G., Sun. G.Y., and Sun, A.Y., “Resveratrol protects against neurotoxicity induced by kainic acid”, Neurochem Res, 29: 2105–2112, (2004).
8. Ates, O., Cayli, S.R., Yucel, N., Altinoz, E., Kocak, A., Durak, M.A., Turkoz, Y., and Yologlu, S., “Central nervous system protection by resveratrol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats”, J Clin Neurosci, 14: 256–260, (2005).

9. Mokni, M., Elkahoui, S., Limam, F., Amri, M., and Aouani, E., “Effect of resveratrol on antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain of healthy rat”, Neurochem Res, 32: 981–987, (2007).
10. Quincozes-Santos, A., Andreazza, A.C., Nardin, P., Funchal, C., Goncalves, C.A., and Gottfried, C., “Resveratrol attenuates oxidative-induced DNA damage in C6 glioma cells”, Neurotoxicology, 28: 886–891, (2007).
11. Athar, M., Back, J.H., Tang, X., Kim, K.H., Kopelovich, L., Bickers, D.R., and Kim, A.L., “Resveratrol: a review of preclinical studies for human Pharmacol, 224: 274–283, (2007). Toxicol Appl
12. Bavaresco, L., “Role of viticultural factors on stilbene concentrations of grapes and wine”, Drugs Exp Clin Res, 29: 181–187, (2003).
13. Bradamante, S., Barenghi, L., and Villa, A., “Cardiovascular protective effects of resveratrol”, Cardiovasc Drug Rev, 22: 169–188, (2004).
14. Jang, M., Cai, L., Udeani, G.O., Slowing, K.V., Thomas, C.F., Beecher, C.W.W., Fong, H.H.S., Farnsworth, N.R., Kinghorn, A.D., Mehta, R.G., Moon, chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes”, Science, 275: 218– 220, (1997). C.M., “Cancer
15. Sun, A.Y., Simonyi, A., and Sun, G.Y., “The “French paradox” and beyond: neuroprotective effects of polyphenols”, Free Radic Biol Med, 32: 314–318, (2002).
16. Kurokawa, Y., Hayashi, Y., Maekawa, A., Takahashi, M., and Kokubo, T., “Induction of renal cell tumors in F-344 rats by oral administration of potassium bromate, a food additive”, Gann, 73: 335–338, (1982).
17. Cavanagh, J.E., Weinberg, H.S., Gold, A., Sangalah, R., Marbury, D., Glaze, W.H., Collette, T.W., Richardson, S.D., and Thruston, A.D., “Ozonation by-products: indentification of bromohydrins from the ozonation of natural-waters with enhanced bromide levels”, Environ Sci Technol, 26: 1658– 1662, (1992).
18. Krasner, S.W., Mcguire, M.J., Jacangelo, J.G., Patania, N.L., Reagan, K.M., and Aieta, E.M., “The occurrence of disinfection by-products in U.S. drinking water”, J Am Water Works Assoc, 81: 41– 53, (1989).
19. Jorgenson, T.A., Meierhenry, E.F., Rushbrook, C.J., Bull, R.J., and Robinson, M., “Carcinogenicity of chloroform in drinking water to male Osborne- Mendel rats and female B6C3F1 mice”, Fundam Appl Toxicol, 5: 760–769, (1985).
20. Carmichael, N.G., Winder, C., Borges, S.H., Backhouse, B.L., and Lewis, P.D., “The health implications of water treatment with ozone”, Life Sci, 30: 117–129, (1982).
21. Ishidate, M., Sofuni, T., Yoshikawa, K., Hayashi, M., Nohmi, T., Sawada, M., and Matsuoka, A., “Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan”, Food Chem Toxicol, 22: 623–636, (1984).
22. Ishidate, M., and Yoshikawa, K., “Chromosome aberration tests with Chinese hamster cells in vitro with and without metabolic activation-a comparative study on mutagens and carcinogens”, Arch Toxicol Suppl, 4: 41–44, (1980).
23. Hayashi, M., Kishi, M., Sofuni, T., and Ishidate, M., “Micronucleus tests in mice on 39 food additives and eight miscellaneous chemicals”, Food Chem Toxicol, 26: 487–500, (1988).
24. Umemura, T., Kanki, K., Kuroiwa, Y., Ishii, Y., Okano, K., Nohmi, T., Nishikawa, A., and Hirose, M., “In vivo mutagenicity and initiation following oxidative DNA lesion in the kidneys of rats given potassium bromate”, Cancer Science, 97: 829–835, (2006).
25. Nakae, D., Umemura, T., and Kurokawa, Y., “Reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species- induced stress, a major intrinsic factor involved in carcinogenic processes and a possible target for cancer prevention”, Asian Pac J Cancer Preview, 3: 313–318, (2002).
26. Le Page, F., Margot, A., Grollman, A.P., Sarasin, A., and Gentil, A., “Mutagenicity of a unique 8- oxoguanine in a human Ha-ras sequence in mammalian cells”, Carcinogenesis, 16: 2779–2784, (1995).
27. Lee, Y.S., Choi, J.Y., Park, M.K., Choi, E.M., Kasai, H., and Chung, M.H., “Induction of OH(8)Gua glycosylase in rat kidneys by potassium bromate (KBrO3), a renal oxidative carcinogen” Mutat Res/DNA Rep, 364: 227–233, (1996).
28. DeAngelo, A.B., George, M.H., Kilburn, S.R., Moore, T.M., and Wolf, D.C., “Carcinogenicity of potassium bromate administered in the drinking water to male B6C3F(1) mice and F344/N rats”, Toxicol Pathol, 26: 587–594, (1998).
29. Wolf, D.C., Crosby, L.M., George, M.H., Kilburn, S.R., Moore, T.M., Miller, R.T., and DeAngelo, A.B., “Time- and dose-dependent development of potassium bromate-induced tumors in male Fischer 344 rats”, Toxicol Pathol, 26: 724–729, (1998).
30. Yilmaz, O., Keser, S., Tuzcu, M., and Cetintas, B., “Resveratrol decreases lipid peroxidation level and protects antioxidant capacity in sera and erythrocytes of old female Wistar rats induced by the kidney carcinogen potassium bromate”, ETAP, 24(2): 79-85, (2007).
31. Bragagnolo, N., and Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., “Comparison of the cholesterol content of Brazilian chicken and quail eggs”, J Food Comp Anal, 16(2): 147–153, (2003).
32. Katsanidis, E., and Addis, P.B., “Novel HPLC analysis of tocopherols, and cholesterol in tissue”, Free Radic Biol Med, 27(11–12): 1137–1140, (1999).
33. Laden, B.P., and Porter, T.D., “Resveratrol inhibits human squalene monooxygenase”, Nutr Res, 21: 747-753, (2001).
34. Shen, A.L., Porter, T.D., Wilson, T.E., and Kasper, C.B., “Structural analysis of the FMN binding domain oxidoreductase by site-directed mutagenesis”, J Biol Chem, 264: 7584–7589, (1989). P-450
35. Miura, D., Miura, Y., and Yagasaki, K., “Hypolipidemic action of dietary resveratrol, a phytoalexin in grapes and red wine, in hepatoma- bearing rats”, Life Sci, 73(11): 1393–1400, (2003).
36. Porter, T.D., “Supernatant protein factor and tocopherol-associated protein: an unexpected link between cholesterol synthesis and vitamin E”, J Nutr Biochem, 14: 3-6, (2003).
37. Zimmer, S., Stocker, A., Sarbolouki, M.N., Spycher, S.E., Sassoon, J., and Azzi, A., “A novel human tocopherol-associated protein: cloning, in vitro expression, and characterization”, J Biol Chem, 275: 25672–25680, (2000).
38. Azzi, A., Breyer, I., Feher, M., Ricciarelli, R., Stocker, A., Zimmer, S., and Zingg, J.M., “Nonantioxidant functions of alpha-tocopherol in smooth muscle cells”, J Nutr, 131: 378–381, (2001).
39. Fechner, H., Schlame, M., Guthmann, F., Stevens, P.A., and Rustow, B., “Alpha and delta-tocopherol induce expression of hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer-protein mRNA”, Biochem J, 331(Pt 2): 577–581, (1998).
40. Kim, H.S., Arai, H., Arita, M., Sato, Y., Ogihara, T., Inoue, K., Mino, M., and Tamai, H., “Effect of alpha-tocopherol status on alpha-tocopherol transfer protein expression and its messenger RNA level in rat liver”, Free Radic Res, 28: 87–92, (1998).