The morphological character and the top is the most important component of the tall building in terms of its impression in the city silhouette. Designers of attractive tall buildings, whose investors tend to create a symbolic image, mostly prefer tops with aesthetic expressions. However many tall buildings with slipshod tops create unidentified skylines as it is the case for many modern cities of today. In this paper, the particular issue of visual impact and tops of tall buildings are addressed and a historical category system of seven periods is proposed. Then each period is illustrated in a series of outline figures showing the comparative heights and profiles of leading examples within each category. As a result, it is recognized that tall building design is a holistic process, and it is impossible to consider formal and aesthetic principles in isolation without reference to technology of the era, as well as the investors’ demands. The impact of tall building tops involves a consideration of social values followed by scale and traditional design principles versus contemporary expression of architectural design objectives.
Ali, M.M., Armstrong, P.J. “Architecture of Tall Building’s, McGraw-Hill, New York, 227-284 (1995).
See Chapter PC-6 in “Planning and Environmental Criteria for Tall Buildings”, Vol. PC, Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, CTBUH Group PC, ASCE, New York, 65 (1981).
“The High-Rise Office Buildings – The Public Spaces They Make”, Architectural Record, 155(3):95 (1974).
Sullivan, L.H., “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”, George Wittenborn, New York,15-32 (1947).
Armstrong, P.J., Ali, M.M., “Multi-Functional Characteristic of Tall Buildings: A Transitional Perspective”, Fifth World Congress of Habitat and the High-Rise, Tradition and Innovation, Amsterdam, 5-3 (1995).
Kohn, E., “The Tall Building”, Proceedings of 4th World Congress on Tall Buildings: Tall Buildings 2000 and Beyond, Hong Kong, 17-36 (1990).
Narrative accounts about the tall building as an urban component can also be found in Chapter PC-8 in Planning and Environmental Criteria For Tall Buildings, Vol. PC, Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, CTBUH Group PC, ASCE, New York, 38 (1981).
Pelli, C., Skyscrapers, Perspecta 18: Yale Papers in Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,(1982).
Huxtable, A.L., “The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style”, Pantheon Books, New York, 65 (1984).
Sev, A., “Analysis of Tall Buildings in Turkey and at Abroad from the Architectural and Structural Point of Views”, Doctoral Dissertation, Mimar Sinan University Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul, 16-20 (2001).
Saliga, P., “The Sky’s the Limit”, New York, Rizzoli,(1990).
Bennett, D. “Skyscrapers: Form and Function”, Simon and Chuster, New York,(1996).
Zacnik, I., Smith, M., Rice, D., “100 of the Tallest Buildings”, Images Publishing, (1998).
Gibbs, K.T., “Business Architectural Imagery in America, 1870-1930”, UMI Research Press, Michigan, (1984).
Willis, C., “Forms Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago”, Princeton Architectural Press, New York,45-65 (1995).
Nordberg-Schultz, C., “Roots of Modern Architecture”, Edita, Tokyo, (1974).
Goldberger, P., Alfred, A.K., “The Skyscraper”, New York, (1981).
Ali, M.M. “Integration of Structural Form and Aesthetics in Tall Building Design: The Future Challenge”, Proceedings of 4th World Congress on Tall Buildings: Tall Buildings 2000 and Beyond, Hong Kong, 210-222 (1990).
Binder, G., “Tall Buildings of Asia and Australia”, Images Publishing, Hong Kong, (2001).
Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S., “Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects”, Architectural Science Review, 50(3):205-223 (2007).
Jin Mao Building”, Reaching New Heights, “The History of Skyscrapers”, http:// www.historychannel.com/exhibits/skyscrapers/tallest /jinmao.html (2008). [23] KLCC, Petronas Twin Towers, http://www.klcc.com.my/Showcase/PTT/ ps_ptt_overview.htm (2008).
Cesar, P. “Silhouettes against the Sky” Scientific American, December, 73 (1997).
Nicholson, P. “High Tech Buildings: Product from Process” Proceedings of Conference on High Tech Buildings”, Blenheim Online Publications, London, 45-56 (1989).
Architectural Record, “The Bank of China”, Hong Kong, September, 136 (1985).
Year 2009,
Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 371 - 381, 27.03.2010
Ali, M.M., Armstrong, P.J. “Architecture of Tall Building’s, McGraw-Hill, New York, 227-284 (1995).
See Chapter PC-6 in “Planning and Environmental Criteria for Tall Buildings”, Vol. PC, Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, CTBUH Group PC, ASCE, New York, 65 (1981).
“The High-Rise Office Buildings – The Public Spaces They Make”, Architectural Record, 155(3):95 (1974).
Sullivan, L.H., “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”, George Wittenborn, New York,15-32 (1947).
Armstrong, P.J., Ali, M.M., “Multi-Functional Characteristic of Tall Buildings: A Transitional Perspective”, Fifth World Congress of Habitat and the High-Rise, Tradition and Innovation, Amsterdam, 5-3 (1995).
Kohn, E., “The Tall Building”, Proceedings of 4th World Congress on Tall Buildings: Tall Buildings 2000 and Beyond, Hong Kong, 17-36 (1990).
Narrative accounts about the tall building as an urban component can also be found in Chapter PC-8 in Planning and Environmental Criteria For Tall Buildings, Vol. PC, Planning and Design of Tall Buildings, CTBUH Group PC, ASCE, New York, 38 (1981).
Pelli, C., Skyscrapers, Perspecta 18: Yale Papers in Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,(1982).
Huxtable, A.L., “The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style”, Pantheon Books, New York, 65 (1984).
Sev, A., “Analysis of Tall Buildings in Turkey and at Abroad from the Architectural and Structural Point of Views”, Doctoral Dissertation, Mimar Sinan University Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul, 16-20 (2001).
Saliga, P., “The Sky’s the Limit”, New York, Rizzoli,(1990).
Bennett, D. “Skyscrapers: Form and Function”, Simon and Chuster, New York,(1996).
Zacnik, I., Smith, M., Rice, D., “100 of the Tallest Buildings”, Images Publishing, (1998).
Gibbs, K.T., “Business Architectural Imagery in America, 1870-1930”, UMI Research Press, Michigan, (1984).
Willis, C., “Forms Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago”, Princeton Architectural Press, New York,45-65 (1995).
Nordberg-Schultz, C., “Roots of Modern Architecture”, Edita, Tokyo, (1974).
Goldberger, P., Alfred, A.K., “The Skyscraper”, New York, (1981).
Ali, M.M. “Integration of Structural Form and Aesthetics in Tall Building Design: The Future Challenge”, Proceedings of 4th World Congress on Tall Buildings: Tall Buildings 2000 and Beyond, Hong Kong, 210-222 (1990).
Binder, G., “Tall Buildings of Asia and Australia”, Images Publishing, Hong Kong, (2001).
Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S., “Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects”, Architectural Science Review, 50(3):205-223 (2007).
Jin Mao Building”, Reaching New Heights, “The History of Skyscrapers”, http:// www.historychannel.com/exhibits/skyscrapers/tallest /jinmao.html (2008). [23] KLCC, Petronas Twin Towers, http://www.klcc.com.my/Showcase/PTT/ ps_ptt_overview.htm (2008).
Cesar, P. “Silhouettes against the Sky” Scientific American, December, 73 (1997).
Nicholson, P. “High Tech Buildings: Product from Process” Proceedings of Conference on High Tech Buildings”, Blenheim Online Publications, London, 45-56 (1989).
Architectural Record, “The Bank of China”, Hong Kong, September, 136 (1985).