ORGANOTIN POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Yıl 2005, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 517 - 528, 12.08.2010

Lale Kırlı

Öz

ABSTRACT

The literature related to organotin compounds has been reviewed in this article. Tributyltin (TBT) has been used extensively as a biocide in antifouling paints for ship hulls. This organometallic compound is very efficient in preventing settlement of organisms on ships’ hulls, but has deleterious effects in non-target organisms. Especially gastropods and bivalves are among the most sensitive organisms. Due to their sensitive response several snail species have been used world wide as bioindicators of TBT pollution. In 1989 the European Union published a Directive (89/677/CEE) banning TBT from vessels smaller than 25 m. Following the ban on TBT-based antifouling paints in most of the developed countries, monitoring programs are currently carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of present regulation. Surveys carried out in different coastal areas and offshore waters and open seas. Monitoring data reveal that organotin compounds are ubiquitous in aquatic organisms and marine system. Therefore TBT pollution is still a major problem. In the review article, the chemical structure of organotin compounds, their detection methods in the samples which were collected from abiotic and biotic environment and produced the functional and structural changes on the bioindicator organisms have been discussed. The problems that could result from the legal regulations banning the organotin compounds in the antifouling paints have been emphasized.

 

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Key Words: Bioindicator, global pollution monitoring, imposex, organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT)

DENİZLERDE ORGANOKALAY KİRLENMESİ (Derleme)

Öz

Bu derlemede organokalay bileşikleri ile ilgili kaynaklar gözden geçirilmiştir. Gemi karinalarındaki antifouling boyalarda biyosit olarak büyük ölçüde Tributilkalay (TBT) kullanılmaktadır. Bu orgonometal bileşiği gemi karinaları üzerine yerleşen organizmaların önlenmesinde çok etkilidir, fakat hedef olmayan organizmalara zararlı etkileri vardır. Özellikle gastropodlar (karından bacaklılar) ve bilvalveler (çift kabuklular) en duyarlı organizmalar arasındadır. Bütün dünyada duyarlı cevaplarından dolayı çeşitli salyangoz türleri TBT kirlenmesinde biyoindikatör olarak kullanılmaktadır. 1989’da Avrupa Birliği 25 m’den küçük deniz araçlarında TBT’i yasaklayan bir kararname çıkarmıştır (89/677/CEE). TBT bazlı antifouling boyaların yasaklanmasını takiben gelişmiş ülkelerin çoğunda mevcut düzenlemelerin etkinliğini tayin etmek için sürekli izleme programları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmalar farklı kıyı bölgeleri, kıyılardan uzak sular ve açık denizlerde yapılmıştır. İzleme sonuçları organokalay bileşiklerinin sucul organizmaların ve deniz sistemlerinin her yerinde bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle TBT kirlenmesi hala büyük bir problemdir. Derlemede organokalay bileşiklerinin kimyasal yapısı, biyotik ve abiyotik çevreden alınan örneklerdeki miktar tayinleri, biyoindikatör canlılarda oluşturduğu yapısal ve işlevsel değişiklikler üzerinde durulmuştur. Antifouling etkili gemi boyalarına organokalay bileşiklerinin katılmasını yasaklayan düzenlemelerin oluşturabileceği sorunlara dikkat çekilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyoindikatör, küresel kirlilik izleme, imposeks, organokalay bileşikleri, tributilkalay (TBT)

Kaynakça

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