Overview: Using Hybrid Energy System for Electricity Production Based on the Optimization Methods

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 745 - 772, 01.06.2024

Samia Saib , Ramazan Bayındır , Seyfettin Vadi

https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1328300

Abstract

Renewable energy systems are mostly used in the world due to their inexhaustible and non-polluting production. As a result of a large utilization of these energy sources in different areas, the electricity production rate is increasing every day. Previous studies clarified uses, modeling, configuration, energy management operation, and optimization objectives based on different energy sources. For this reason, this paper focuses on an overview of multi energy systems as renewable and conventional power sources with the integration of an energy storage system coupled to the on-off electrical network. Furthermore, a survey is done regarding global energy production, configuration energy systems, energy storage systems, power management strategies, and optimization methods based on different hybrid energy systems. Multiple optimization approaches have been implemented to reach the global best solution for the hybrid power systems. To ensure the best optimization result, it is preferable to take hybrid optimization methods into consideration. These methods have been invented recently and have proved their efficacy and performance mainly in power systems.

Keywords

Renewable energy system, Hybrid energy system, Energy storage system, Energy system configuration, Optimization methods

References

• [1] Koca, E., “Stochastic Lot Sizing Problem with Carbon Emission Constraints”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 34(1): 148-160, (2021).
• [2] Ndukwe, C., Iqbal, T., “Sizing and dynamic modelling and simulation of a standalone PV based DC microgrid with battery storage system for a remote community in Nigeria”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 3 (2): 67-85, (2019).
• [3] Tamer, K., Ibrahim, A. I., and Azah, M., “A review on sizing methodologies of photovoltaic array and storage battery in a standalone photovoltaic system”, Energy Conversion and Management, 120: 430-448, (2016).
• [4] Al-Busaid, A. S., Kazem, H. A., Al-Badi, A. H., and Khan, M. F., “A review of optimum sizing of hybrid PV-Wind renewable energy systems in Oman”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 185-193, (2016).
• [5] Pronob, D., Barun, K. D., Nirendra, N. M., and Takmil-Sakir, M. d., “A review on pump-hydro storage for renewable and hybrid energy systems applications”, Energy Storage, 3(4), (2021).
• [6] Deepak, K., Tavishi, T., “Techno-economic assessment and optimization of a standalone residential hybrid energy system for sustainable energy utilization”, International Journal Energy research, 46: 10020-10039, (2022).
• [7] Gupta, M., “Review on Optimization Techniques for AGV’s Optimization in Flexible Manufacturing System”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 36(1): 399-412, (2023).
• [8] Dada, E., Joseph, S., Oyewola, D., Fadelle, A. A., Chiroma, H., and Abdulhamid, S. M., “Application of Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm: Recent Trends, Issues, and Possible Horizons”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 35 (2): 485-504, (2022).
• [9] Nasser, M., Megahed, T., Ookawara, S., and Hassan, H., “Techno-economic assessment of green hydrogen production using different configurations of wind turbines and PV panels”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 6(4): 560-572, (2022).
• [10] Li, M., Li, J., and Li, L., “A System Management Method for Photovoltaic Microgrid Based on Energy Circuit”, IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 17: 1008-1015, (2022).
• [11] Faccio, M., Gamberi, M., Bortolini, M., and Nedaei, M., “State of art review of the optimization methods to design the configuration of hybrid renewable energy system (HRESs)”, Frontiers in Energy, 12: 591-622, (2018).
• [12] Alzahrani, A. M., Zohdy, M., and Yan, B., “An Overview of Optimization Approaches for Operation of Hybrid Distributed Energy Systems with Photovoltaic and Diesel Turbine Generator”, Electric Power Systems Research, 191, (2021).
• [13] Mokhtara, C., Negrou, B., Settou, N., Bouferrouk, A., and Yao, Y., “Optimal design of grid-connected rooftop PV systems: An overview and a new approach with application to educational buildings in arid climates”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, (2021).
• [14] Dawoud, S. M., Lin, X., and Okba, M. I., “Hybrid renewable microgrid optimization techniques: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82: 2039-2052, (2018).
• [15] Thirunavukkarasu, G. S., Seyedmahmoudian, M., Jamei, E., Horan, B., Mekhilef, S., and Stojcevski, A., “Role of optimization techniques in microgrid energy management systems-A review”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, (2020).
• [16] Cai, W., Wang, L., Li, L., Xie, J., Jia, S., Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., and Lai, H. K., “A review on methods of energy performance improvement towards sustainable manufacturing from perspectives of energy monitoring, evaluation, optimization and benchmarking”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, (2022).
• [17] Abdmouleh, Z., Gastli, A., Brahim, L. B., Haouari, M., and Al-Emadi, N. A., “Review of optimization techniques applied for the integration of distributed generation from renewable energy sources”, Renewable Energy, 113: 266-280, (2017).
• [18] Ammari, C., Beatrice, D., Touhami, B., and Makhloufi, S., “Sizing, optimization, control and energy management of hybrid renewable energy system-A review”,Energy Built Environment, 3: 399-411, (2022).
• [19] Bansal, A. K., “Sizing and forecasting techniques in photovoltaic-wind based hybrid renewable energy system: A review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 369, (2022).
• [20] Bhandari, B., Lee, K. T., Lee, G. Y., Cho, Y. M., and Ahn, S. H., “Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Systems: A Review”, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing Green Technology, 2: 99-112, (2015).
• [21] Ang, T. Z., Salem, M., Kamarol, M., Das, H. S., Nazari, M. A., and Prabaharan, N., “A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications, challenges and suggestions”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, (2022).
• [22] Renewables 2020 Analysis and forecast to 2025, www.iea.org,(2020).
• [23] Iglinski, B., Pietrzak, M. B., Kiełkowska, U., Skrzatek, M., and Kumar, P. G., “The assessment of renewable energy in Poland on the background of the world renewable energy sector”, Energy, 261, (2022).
• [24] Rawat, R. P., Kaushik, S. C., and Lamba, R., “A review on modeling, design methodology and size optimization of photovoltaic based water pumping, standalone and grid connected system”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57: 1506-1519, (2016).
• [25] Zhang, Y., Campan, P. E., Lundblad, A., and Yanac, J., “Comparative study of hydrogen storage and battery storage in grid connected photovoltaic system: Storage sizing and rule-based operation”, Applied Energy, 201: 397-411, (2017).
• [26] Kusakana, K., “Optimal energy management of a grid-connected dual-tracking photovoltaic system with battery storage: Case of a microbrewery under demand response”, Energy, 212, (2020).
• [27] ChaoMa, Y. Y., Lian, C., Zhang, Y., and Pang, X., “Optimal power reallocation of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power station integrated with hydrogen production”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, (2021).
• [28] Breeze, P., “Chapter 11-wind power, in: Power Generation Technologies”, Second Edition, Newnes: London, 223-242, (2014).
• [29] Herbert, G. M. J., Iniyan, S., Sreevalsan, S., and Rajapandian, S.,”A review of wind energy technologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11:1117-1145, (2007).
• [30] Renewables Global status report-2021, REN21, Paris, (2021).
• [31] Junejo, A. R., Gilal, N. U., and Doh, J., “Physics-informed optimization of robust control system to enhance power efficiency of renewable energy: Application to wind turbine”, Energy, 263, (2023).
• [32] Zhang, Y., Sun, H., Tan, J., Li, Z., Hou, W., and Guo, Y., “Capacity configuration optimization of multienergy system integrating wind turbine/photovoltaic/hydrogen/battery”, Energy, 252, (2022).
• [33] Ghaithan, A. M., Mohammed, A., Al-Hanbali, A., Attia, A. M., and Saleh, H., “Multi-objective optimization of a photovoltaic-wind grid connected system to power reverse osmosis desalination plant”, Energy, 251, (2022).
• [34] Sun, S., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, X., and Lu, H., “Multi-objective optimization dispatching of a micro-grid considering uncertainty in wind power forecasting”, Energy Reports, 8: 2859-2874, (2022).
• [35] Chamandoust, H., Bahramara, S., and Derakhshan, G., “Day-ahead scheduling problem of smart micro-grid with high penetration of wind energy and demand side management strategies”, Sustainable and Energy Technologies and Assessments, 40, (2020).
• [36] Azad, A. S., Rahaman, M. d. S. A., Watada, J.,Vasant, P., and Vintaned, J. A. G., “Optimization of the hydropower energy generation using Meta-Heuristic approaches, A review”, Energy Reports, 6: 2230-2248, (2020).
• [37] Nasir, J., Javed, A., Ali, M., Ullah, K., and Kazmi, S. A. A., “Capacity optimization of pumped storage hydropower and its impact on an integrated conventional hydropower plant operation”, Applied Energy, 323, (2022).
• [38] Ma, X., Wu, D., Wang, D., Huang, B., Desomber, K., Fu, T., and Weimar, M., “Optimizing pumped storage hydropower for multiple grid services”, Journal of Energy Storage, 51, (2022).
• [39] Lu, L., Yuan, W., Su, W., Wang, P., Cheng, C., Yan, D., and Wu, Z., “Optimization model for the short-term joint operation of a grid-connected wind-photovoltaic-hydro hybrid energy system with cascade hydropower plants”, Energy Conversion and Management, 236, (2021).
• [40] Zhang, C., Cao, W., Xie, T., Wang, C., Shen, C., Wen, X., and Mao, C., “Operational characteristics and optimization of Hydro-PV power hybrid electricity system”, Renewable Energy, 200: 601-613, (2022).
• [41] Kumar, R., Channi, H. K., “A PV-Biomass off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for rural electrification: Design, optimization and techno-economic-environmental analysis”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 349, (2022).
• [42] Kumar, P., Pal, N., and Sharma, H., “Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/biomass/diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for rural remote electrification in eastern India”, Energy, 247, (2022).
• [43] Kharrich, M., Kamel, S., Abdel-Akher, M., Eid, A., Zawbaa, H. M., and Kim, J., “Optimization based on movable damped wave algorithm for design of photovoltaic/wind/diesel/biomass/battery hybrid energy systems”, Energy Reports, 8: 11478-11491, (2022).
• [44] Behzadi, A., Arabkoohsar, A., Sadi, M., and Chakravarty, K. H., “A novel hybrid solar-biomass design for green off-grid cold production, techno-economic analysis and optimization”, Solar Energy, 218: 639-651, (2022).
• [45] Abd-El-Sattar, H., Kamel, S., Hassan, M. H., and Jurado, F., “Optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid photovoltaic/biomass gasifier/battery system using a quantum model of Runge Kutta algorithm”, Energy Conversion and Management, 258, (2022).
• [46] Ren, F., Wei, Z., and Zhai, X., “A review on the integration and optimization of distributed energy systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 162, (2022).
• [47] Cruz, A. M., Keim, M. F., Schifflechner, C., Loewer, M., Zosseder, K., Drews, M., Wieland, C., and Hamacher, T., “Techno-economic optimization of large-scale deep geothermal district heating systems with long-distance heat transport”, Energy Conversion and Management, 267, (2022).
• [48] Chen, C., Witte, F., Tuschy, I., Kolditz, O., and Shao, H., “Parametric optimization and comparative study of an organic Rankine cycle power plant for two-phase geothermal sources”, Energy, 252, (2022).
• [49] Musharav, F., Khanmohammadi, S., and Tariq, R., “Comparative exergy, multi-objective optimization, and extended environmental assessment of geothermal combined power and refrigeration systems”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 156: 438-456, (2021).
• [50] Wu, X., Liao, B., Su, Y., and Li, S., “Multi-objective and multi-algorithm operation optimization of integrated energy system considering ground source energy and solar energy”, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 144, (2023).
• [51] Khosravi, A., Syri, S., “Modeling of geothermal power system equipped with absorption refrigeration and solar energy using multilayer perceptron neural network optimized with imperialist competitive algorithm”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, (2020).
• [52] www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies.
• [53] Zhao, P., Gou, F., Xu, W., Wang, J., and Dai, Y., “Multi-objective optimization of a renewable power supply system with underwater compressed air energy storage for seawater reverse osmosis under two different operation schemes”, Renewable Energy, 181:71-90, (2022).
• [54] Alex, A., Petrone, R., Tala-Ighil, B., Bozalakov, D., Vandevelde, L., and Gualous, H., “Optimal techno-enviro-economic analysis of a hybrid grid connected tidal-wind-hydrogen energy system”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47: 36448-36464, (2022).
• [55] Recalde, A. A., Alvarado, M. S. A., “Design optimization for reliability improvement in microgrids with wind/tidal/photovoltaic generation”, Electric Power Systems Research, 188, (2020).
• [56] Zia, M. F., Nasir, M., Elbouchikhi, E., Benbouzid, M., Vasquez, J. C., and Guerrero, J. M., “Energy management system for a hybrid PV-Wind-Tidal-Battery-based islanded DC microgrid: Modeling and experimental validation”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, (2022).
• [57] Esapour, K., Abbasian, M., and Saghafi, H., “Intelligent energy management in hybrid microgrids considering tidal, wind, solar and battery”, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 127, (2021).
• [58] Al-Garni, H. Z., Mas’ud, A. A., Baseer, M. A., and Ramli, M. A. M., “Techno-economic optimization and sensitivity analysis of a PV/Wind/diesel/battery system in Saudi Arabia using a combined dispatch strategy”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53, (2022).
• [59] Yi, Z., Luo, Y., Westover, T., Katikaneni, S., Ponkiya, B., Sah, S., Mahmud, S., Raker, D., Javaid, A., Heben, M. J., and Khanna, R., “Deep reinforcement learning based optimization for a tightly coupled nuclear renewable integrated energy system”, Applied Energy, 328, (2022).
• [60] Lee, J. Y., Lee, J. I. k., “A study on steam cycle optimization for integrating energy storage system to nuclear power plant”, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 160, (2021).
• [61] Hu, H., Sun, X., Zeng, B., Gong, D., and Zhang, Y., “Enhanced evolutionary multi-objective optimization based dispatch of coal mine integrated energy system with flexible load”, Applied Energy, 307, (2022).
• [62] Yang, X., Liu, S., Zhang, L., Su, L., and Ye, T., “Design and analysis of a renewable energy power system for shale oil exploitation using hierarchical optimization”, Energy, 206, (2020).
• [63] Alabi, T. M., Aghimien, E. I., Agbajor, F. D.,Yang, Z.,Lu, L.,Adeoye, A. R., and Gopaluni, B., “A review on the integrated optimization techniques and machine learning approaches for modeling, prediction, and decision making on integrated energy systems”, Renewable Energy, 194: 822-849, (2022).
• [64] Budiman, F. N., Ramli, M. A. M., Milyani, A. H., Bouchekara, H. R. E. H., Rawa, M.M., ktiadji, R. F., and Seedahmed,M. M. A., “Stochastic optimization for the scheduling of a grid-connected microgrid with a hybrid energy storage system considering multiple uncertainties”, Energy Reports, 8: 7444-7456, (2022).
• [65] Chaichan, W., Waewsak, J., Nikhom, R., Kongruang, C., Chiwamongkhonkarn, S., and Gagnon, Y., “Optimization of stand-alone and grid connected hybrid solar/wind/fuel cell power generation for green islands: Application to Koh Samui, southern Thailand”, Energy Reports, 8: 480-493, (2022).
• [66] Wang, J., Deng, H., and Qi, X., “Cost-based site and capacity optimization of multi-energy storage system in the regional integrated energy networks”, Energy, 261, (2022).
• [67] Bakhshaei, P., Askarzadeh, A., and Arababadi, R., “Operation optimization of a grid-connected photovoltaic/pumped hydro storage considering demand response program by an improved crow search algorithm”, Journal of Energy Storage, 44, (2021).
• [68] Fiorentini, M., Heer, P., and Baldini, L., “Design optimization of a district heating and cooling system with a borehole seasonal thermal energy storage”, Energy, 262, (2023).
• [69] Kumar, S., Sharma, S., Sood, Y. R., Upadhyay, S., and Kumar, V., “A Review on different Parametric Aspects and Sizing Methodologies of Hybrid Renewable Energy System”, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 103: 1345-1354, (2022).
• [70] Nehrir, M. H., Wang, C., Strunz, K., Aki, H., Ramakumar, R., Bing, J., Miao, Z., and Salameh, Z., “A Review of Hybrid Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation: Configurations, Control, and Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2, (2011).
• [71] Nehrir, M. H., Wang, C., “Modeling and Control of Fuel Cells: Distributed Generation Applications”, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press-Wiley, (2009).
• [72] Sao, C. K., Lehn, P. W., “Control and Power Management of Converter Fed Microgrids”, IEEE Transactions Power Systems, 23: 1088-1098, (2008).
• [73] Rahman, S., Tam, S., “Feasibility study of photovoltaic/fuelcell hybrid energy system”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 3: 50-55, (1988).
• [74] Sood, P. K., Lipo, T. A., and Hansen, I. G., “A versatile power converter for high-frequency link systems”, IEEE Transactions Power Electronic, 3: 383-390, (1988).
• [75] Cha, H. J., Enjeti, P. N., “A three-phase AC/AC high-frequency link matrix converter for VSCF applications”,Proceeding, IEEE 34th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 4: 1971-1976, (2003).
• [76] Ammari, C., Belatrache, D., Touhami, D., and Makhloufi, S., “Sizing, optimization, control and energy management of hybrid renewable energy system-A review”, Energy and Built Environment, 3: 399-411, (2022).
• [77] Saeedifard, M., Behnke, R. P., Estévez, G. A. J., and Hatziargyriou, N. D., “Trends in Microgrid Control”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5: 1905-1919, (2014).
• [78] Guerrero, J. M., Vasquez, J. C., Matas, J., García, D. V. L., and Castilla, M., “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids-A general approach toward standardization”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58: 158-172, (2011).
• [79] Vandoorn, T. L., Vasquez, J. C., De, K. J., Guerrero, J. M., and Vandevelde, L., “Microgrids: Hierarchical control and an overview of the control and reserve management strategies”, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 7: 42-55, (2013).
• [80] Baghaee, H. R., Mirsalim, M., Gharehpetian, G. B., and Talebi, H. A., “Reliability/cost-based multi-objective Pareto optimal design of stand-alone wind/PV/FC generation microgrid system”, Energy, 115: 1022-1041, (2016).
• [81] Ma, G., Xu, G., Chen, Y., and Ju, R., “Multi-objective optimal configuration method for a standalone wind/solar/battery hybrid power system”, IET Renewable Power Generation, 11: 194-202, (2017).
• [82] Mohseni, S., Brent, A. C., and Burmester, D., “A demand response centered approach to the long-term equipment capacity planning of grid-independent micro-grids optimized by the moth-fame optimization algorithm, Energy Conversion and Management, 200, (2019).
• [83] Glover, F., Laguna, M., “Tabu search, in: Handbook of combinatorial optimization”, Spring, 2093-2229, (1998).
• [84] Smaoui, M., Abdelkafi, A., and Krichen, L., “Optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind/ hydrogen hybrid system supplying a desalination unit”, Solar Energy, 120: 263-276, (2015).
• [85] Pan, G., Gu, W., Qiu, H., Lu, Y., Zhou, S., and Wu, Z., “Bi-level mixed-integer planning for electricity-hydrogen integrated energy system considering levelized cost of hydrogen”, Applied Energy, 270, (2020).
• [86] Khiareddine, A., Ben-Salah, C., Rekioua, D., and Mimouni, M. F., “Sizing methodology for hybrid photovoltaic/wind/hydrogen/battery integrated to energy management strategy for pumping system”, Energy, 153: 743-762, (2018).
• [87] Chen, P. J., Wang, F. C., “Design optimization for the hybrid power system of a green building”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43: 2381-2393, (2018).
• [88] Malheiro, A., Castro, P. M., Lima, R. M., and Estanqueiro, A., “Integrated sizing and scheduling of wind/PV/diesel/battery isolated systems”, Renewable Energy, 83: 646-657, (2015).
• [89] Shen, F., Zhao, L., Du, D., Zhang, W., and Qian, F., “Large-scale industrial energy systems optimization under uncertainty: A data-driven robust optimization approach”, Applied Energy, 259, (2020).
• [90] Zhang, Y., Hua, Q. S., Sun, L., and Liu, Q., “Life Cycle Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Configuration with Hybrid Battery/Hydrogen Storage: A Comparative Study”, Journal of Energy Storage, 30, (2020).
• [91] Curto, D., Favuzza, S., Franzitta, V., Musca, R., Navia, M. A. N., and Zizzo, G., “Evaluation of the optimal renewable electricity mix for Lampedusa island: The adoption of a technical and economical methodology”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, (2020).
• [92] Gan, L. K., Shek, J. K. H., and Mueller, M. A., “Hybrid wind-photovoltaic-diesel-battery system sizing tool development using empirical approach, life-cycle cost and performance analysis: A case study in Scotland”, Energy Conversion and Management,106: 479-494, (2015).
• [93] Taghizadeh, M., Bahramara, S., Adabi, F., and Nojavan, S., “Optimal operation of storage-based hybrid energy system considering market price uncertainty and peak demand management, Journal of Energy Storage, 30, (2020).
• [94] Baziar, A., Fard, A. K., “Considering uncertainty in the optimal energy management of renewable micro-grids including storage devices”, Renewable Energy, 59: 158-166, (2013).
• [95] Rubio, R. L., Perea, M. T., Vazquez, D. V., and Moreno, G. J. R., “Optimal sizing of renewable hybrids energy systems: A review of methodologies”, Solar Energy, 86: 1077-1088, (2012).
• [96] Kazem, H. A., Khatib, T., and Sopian, K., “Sizing of a standalone photovoltaic/battery system at minimum cost for remote housing electrification in Sohar, Oman”, Energy and Buildings, 61: 108-115, (2013).
• [97] Sharma, R., Kodamana, H., and Ramteke, M., “Multi-objective dynamic optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems”, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 180, (2022).
• [98] Saib, S., Gherbi, A., Bayindir, R., and Kaabeche, A., “Multiobjective Optimization of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System with a Gas Micro turbine and a Storage Battery”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45: 1553-1566, (2019).
• [99] Borhanazad, H., Mekhilef, S., Ganapathy, V. G., Modiri-Delshad, M., and Mirtaheri, A., “Optimization of micro-grid system using MOPSO”, Renewable Energy, 71: 295-306, (2014).
• [100] Guo, S., He, Y., Pei, H., and Wu, S., “The multi-objective capacity optimization of wind-photovoltaic-thermal energy storage hybrid power system with electric heater”, Solar Energy, 195: 138-149, (2020).
• [101] Gharavi, H., Ardehali-Tichi, S. G., “Imperial competitive algorithm optimization of fuzzy multi-objective design of a hybrid green power system with considerations for economics, reliability, and environmental emissions”, Renewable Energy, 78: 427-437, (2015).
• [102] Maleki, A., Askarzadeh, A., “Comparative study of artificial intelligence techniques for sizing of a hydrogen-based stand-alone photovoltaic/wind hybrid system”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39: 9973-9984, (2014).
• [103] Leon, J. A., Salgado, C. V., Palacios, C. C., and Bello, D. D., “Energy Management Model for a Standalone Hybrid Microgrid through a Particle Swarm Optimization and Artificial Neural Networks Approach”, Energy Conversion and Management, 267, (2022).
• [104] Mahmoudi, S. M., Maleki, A., and Ochbelagh, D. R., “Optimization of a hybrid energy system with/without considering back-up system by a new technique based on fuzzy logic controller”, Energy Conversion and Management, 229, (2021).
• [105] Ogunjuyigbe, A. S. O., Ayodele, T. R., and Akinola, O. A., “Optimal allocation and sizing of PV/Wind/Split-diesel/Battery hybrid energy system for minimizing life cycle cost, carbon emission and dump energy of remote residential building”, Applied Energy, 171:153-171, (2016).
• [106] Fathy, A., “A reliable methodology based on mine blast optimization algorithm for optimal sizing of hybrid PV/wind/FC system for remote area in Egypt”, Renewable Energy, 95: 367-380, (2016).
• [107] Shi, B., Wu, W., and Yan, L., “Size optimization of stand-alone PV/wind/diesel hybrid power generation systems”, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 73: 93-101, (2017).
• [108] Maleki, A., Askarzadeh, A., “Artificial bee swarm optimization for optimum sizing of a stand-alone PV/WT/FC hybrid system considering LPSP concept”, Solar Energy, 107: 227-235, (2014).
• [109] Zhao, J., Yuan, X., “Multi-objective optimization of stand-alone hybrid PV-wind-diesel-battery system using improved fruit fly optimization algorithm”, Journal of Soft Computing, 20: 2841-2853, (2016).
• [110] Naderipour, A., Malek, Z. A., Nowdeh, S. A., Kamyab, H., Ramtin, A. R., Shahrokhi, S., and Klemes, J. J., “Comparative evaluation of hybrid photovoltaic, wind, tidal and fuel cell clean system design for different regions with remote application considering cost”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, (2021).
• [111] Sultan, H. M., Menesy, A. S., Kamel, S., Korashy, A., Almohaimeed, S. A., and Akher, M. A., “An improved artificial ecosystem optimization algorithm for optimal configuration of a hybrid PV/WT/FC energy system”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60: 1001-1025, (2021).
• [112] Vahid, M. Z., Hajivand, M., Moshkelgosha, M., Parsa, N., and Mansoori, H., “Optimal, reliable and economic designing of renewable energy photovoltaic/wind system considering different storage technology using intelligent improved salp swarm optimization algorithm,commercial application for Iran country”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39: 465-485, (2020).
• [113] Khan, A., Javaid, N., “Optimal sizing of a stand-alone photovoltaic, wind turbine and fuelcell systems”, Computers and Electrical Engineering, 85, (2020).
• [114] Ghaffari, A., Askarzadeh, A., “Design optimization of a hybrid system subject to reliability level and renewable energy penetration”, Energy, 193, (2020).
• [115] Diab, A. A. Z., EL-Ajmi, S. I., Sultan, H. M., and Hassan, Y. B., “Modified Farmland Fertility Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Design of a Grid-connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Fuelcell Storage: Case Study of Ataka, Egypt”, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10: 119-132, (2019).
• [116] Jahannoush, M., Nowdeh, S. A., “Optimal designing and management of a stand-alone hybrid energy system using meta-heuristic improved sine-cosine algorithm for Recreational Center, case study for Iran country”, Applied Soft Computing, 96, (2020).
• [117] Injeti, S. K., “A Pareto optimal approach for allocation of distributed generators in radial distribution systems using improved differential search algorithm”, Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, 5: 908-927, (2018).
• [118] Yammani, C., Maheswarapu, S., and Matam, S. K., “A Multi-objective Shuffled Bat algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of multi distributed generations with different load models”, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 79: 120-131, (2016).
• [119] Perera, A. T. D., Attalage, R. A., Perera, K. K. C. K., and Dassanayake, V. P. C., “A hybrid tool to combine multi-objective optimization and multi-criterion decision making in designing standalone hybrid energy systems”, Applied Energy, 107: 412-425, (2013).
• [120] Kaabeche, A., Bakelli, Y., “Renewable hybrid system size optimization considering various electrochemical energy storage technologies”, Energy Conversion and Management, 193: 162-175, (2019).
• [121] Tahani, M., Babayan, N., and Pouyaei, A., “Optimization of PV/Wind/Battery stand-alone system, using hybrid FPA/SA algorithm and CFD simulation, case study: Tehran”, Energy Conversion and Management ,106: 644-659, (2015).
• [122] Maleki, A., Khajeh, M. G., and Rosen, M. A., “Weather forecasting for optimization of a hybrid solar-wind-powered reverse osmosis water desalination system using a novel optimizer approach”, Energy,114: 1120-1134, (2016).
• [123] Kefayat, M., Ara, A. L., and Niaki, S. A. N., “A hybrid of ant colony optimization and artificial bee colony algorithm for probabilistic optimal placement and sizing of distributed energy resources”, Energy Conversion and Management, 92: 149-161, (2015).
• [124] Ahmadi, S., Abdi, S., “Application of the Hybrid Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm for optimal sizing of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/battery system”, Solar Energy, 134: 366-374, (2016).
• [125] Katsigiannis, Y. A., Georgilakis, P. S., and Karapidakis, E. S., “Hybrid Simulated Annealing-Tabu Search Method for Optimal Sizing of Autonomous Power Systems with Renewables”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 3: 331-337, (2012).
• [126] Guangqian, D., Bekhrad, K., Azarikhah, P., and Maleki, A., “A hybrid algorithm based optimization on modeling of grid independent biodiesel-based hybrid solar/wind systems”, Renewable Energy, 122: 551-560, (2018).
• [127] Zhou, T., Sun, W., “Optimization of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Station in Wind/Solar Generation System”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 5: 409-413, (2014).
• [128] Jahannoosh, M., Nowdeh, S. A., Naderipour, A., Kamyab, H., Davoudkhani, I. F., and Klemes, J. J., “New hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm for reliable and cost-effective designing of photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell energy system considering load interruption probability”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, (2021).
• [129] Mukhtaruddin, R. N. S. R., Rahman, H. A., Hassan, M. Y., and Jamian, J. J., “Optimal hybrid renewable energy design in autonomous system using Iterative-Pareto-Fuzzy technique”, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 64: 242-249, (2015).
• [130] Li, B., Roche, R., and Miraoui, R., “Microgrid sizing with combined evolutionary algorithm and MILP unit commitment”, Applied Energy, 188: 547-562, (2017).
• [131] Heydari, A., Garcia, D. A., Keynia, F., Bisegna, F., and Santoli, L. D., “A novel composite neural network based method for wind and solar power forecasting in microgrids”, Applied Energy, 251, (2019).
• [132] Samy, M. M., Mosaad, M. I., and Barakat, S., “Optimal economic study of hybrid PV-wind-fuelcell system integrated to unreliable electric utility using hybrid search optimization technique”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46: 11217-11231, (2021).
• [133] Abuelrub, A., Khamees, M., Ababneh, J., and Al-Masri, H., “Hybrid energy system design using greedy particle swarm and biogeography-based optimization”, IET Renewable Power Generation, 14: 1657-1667, (2020).
• [134] Khan, A., Javaid, N., “Jaya Learning-Based Optimization for Optimal Sizing of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, and Battery Systems”, Engineering, 6: 812-826, (2020).
• [135] Tahani, M., Babayan, N., and Pouyaei, A., “Optimization of PV/Wind/Battery stand-alone system, using hybrid FPA/SA algorithm and CFD simulation, case study: Tehran”, Energy Conversion and Management ,106: 644-659, (2015).
• [136] Durairasan, M., Kalaiselvan, A., and Sait, H. H., “Hybrid Technique for Locating and Sizing of Renewable Energy Resources in Power System”, Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 12: 161-172, (2017).
• [137] Bhullar, S., Ghosh, S., “Optimal Integration of Multi Distributed Generation Sources in Radial Distribution Networks Using a Hybrid Algorithm”, Energies, 11: 628-643, (2018).
• [138] Esmaeili, M., Sedighizadeh, M., and Smaili, M., “Multi-objective optimal reconfiguration and DG (Distributed Generation) power allocation in distribution networks using Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm considering load uncertainty”, Energy, 103: 86-99, (2016).
• [139] Kumar, J. S., Raja, S. C., Nesamalar, J. J. D., and Venkatesh, P., “Optimizing renewable based generations in AC/DC microgrid system using hybrid Nelder-Mead-Cuckoo Search algorithm”, Energy, 158: 204-215, (2018).
• [140] Sambaiah, K. S., Jayabarathi, T., “Optimal Allocation of Wind and Solar Based Distributed Generation in a Radial Distribution System”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 9: 74-85, (2019).
• [141] Sinha, S., Chandel, S.,“Review of software tools for hybrid renewable energy systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32: 192-205, (2014).
• [142] Agustin, J. L. B., Lopez, R. D., “Simulation and optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 2111-2118, (2009).
• [143] Baneshi, M., Hadianfard, F., “Techno-economic feasibility of hybrid diesel/PV/wind/battery electricity generation systems for non-residential large electricity consumers under southern Iran climate conditions”, Energy Conversion and Management, 127: 233-244, (2016).
• [144] Koussa, D. S., Koussa, M., “A feasibility and cost benefit prospection of grid connected hybrid power system (wind–photovoltaic)-Case study: An Algerian coastal site”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50:628-642, (2015).
• [145] Bentouba, S., Bourouis, M., “Feasibility study of a wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system for a remote area in the extreme south of Algeria”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 99: 713-719, (2016).
• [146] Bahramara, S., Moghaddam, M. P., and Haghifam, M. R., “Optimal planning of hybrid renewable energy systems using HOMER: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62: 609-620, (2016).
• [147] Kalinci, Y., Dincer, I., and Hepbasli, A., “Energy and exergy analyses of a hybrid hydrogen energy system: A case study for Bozcaada”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42: 2492-2503, (2017).
• [148] Arévalo, P., Benavides, D., Garcia, J. L., and Jurado, F., “Energy control and size optimization of a hybrid system (photovoltaic-hidrokinetic) using various storage technologies”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, (2020).
• [149] Salameh, T., Abdelkareem, M. A., Olabi, A. G., Sayed, E. T., Al-Chaderchi, M., and Rezk, H., “Integrated standalone hybrid solar PV, fuelcell and diesel generator power system for battery or supercapacitor storage systems in Khorfakkan, United Arab Emirates”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46: 6014-6027, (2021).
• [150] Wang, X., Palazoglu, A., and El-Farra, N. H., “Operational optimization and demand response of hybrid renewable energy systems”, Applied Energy, 143: 324-335, (2015).
• [151] Cano, A., Jurado, F., Sánchez, H., Fernández, L. M., and Castañeda, M., “Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid systems based on PV/WT/FC by using several methodologies”, Journal Energy Institute, 84: 330-340, (2014).
• [152] Olcan, C., “Multi-objective analytical model for optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic water pumping systems”, Energy Conversion and Management, 100: 358-369, (2015).
• [153] Khare, V., Nema, S., and Baredar, P., “Optimization of hydrogen based hybrid renewable energy system using HOMER, BB-BC and GAMBIT”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41: 16743-16751, (2016).
• [154] Heaps, C. G., “Long-range energy alternatives planning (leap) system”,Somerville, MA,USA: Stockholm Environment Institute, (2012).
• [155] Bo, S., “Sustainable energy for the rural developing world: The potential for renewable energy to assist developing countries in pursuing sustainable rural development”, University of Delaware, (1998).
• [156] Lilienthal, P., Lambert, T., “The village power optimization model for renewables”, http:// www. rsvp.nrel.gov/rsvp/tour/Analytical/ViPOR1/Vipor.htm.Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, (1998).
• [157] Krajacic, G., Duic, N., and Carvalho, M. D. G., “H2RES, Energy planning tool for island energy systems - The case of the Island of Mljet”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34: 7015-7026, (2009).
• [158] Ekren, O., Ekren, B. Y., “Size optimization of a PV/wind hybrid energy conversion system with battery storage using simulated annealing”, Applied Energy, 87: 592-598, (2010).
• [159] Belmili, H., Haddadi, M., Bacha, S., Almi, M. F., and Bendib, B., “Sizing stand-alone photovoltaic/wind hybrid system: Techno-economic analysis and optimization”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30: 821-832, (2014).
• [160] Tawfik, T. M., Badr, M. A., El-Kady, E. Y., and Abdellatif, O. E., “Optimization and energy management of hybrid standalone energy system: a case study”, Renewable Energy Focus, 25: 48-56, (2018).
• [161] Agustı, J. L. B., Lopez, R. D., “Simulation and optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 2111-2118, (2009).
• [162] Manwell, J. F., Rogers, A., Hayman, G., Avelar, C. T., and McGowan, J. G., “HYBRID2-A HYBRID SYSTEM SIMULATION MODEL”, Renewable Energy Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Massachusetts, (1998).
• [163] Ma, W., Xue, X., and Liu, G., “Techno-economic evaluation for hybrid renewable energy system: Application and merits”, Energy, 159: 385-409, (2018).
• [164] Chedid, R., Rahman, S., “Unit sizing and control of hybrid wind-solar power systems”, IEEE Transaction Energy Conversion, 12: 79-85, (1997).
• [165] Vera, Y. E. G., López, R. D., and Agustín, J. L. B., “Optimization of Isolated Hybrid Microgrids with Renewable Energy Based on Different Battery Models and Technologies”, Energies, 13: 581-598, (2020).
• [166] Mills, A., Al-Hallaj, S., “Simulation of hydrogen-based hybrid systems using Hybrid2”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29: 991-999, (2004).
• [167] Khatib, T., Ibrahim, I. A., and Mohamed, A., “A review on sizing methodologies of photovoltaic array and storage battery in a standalone photovoltaic system”, Energy Conversion and Managemant, 120: 430-448, (2016).
• [168] Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. V., and Leahy, M., “A review of computer tools for analsing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems”, Applied Energy, 87: 1059-1082, (2010).
• [169] Panayiotou, G., Kalogirou, S., and Tassou, S., “Design and simulation of a PV and a PV/Wind standalone energy system to power a household application”, Renewable Energy, 37:355-363, (2012).
• [170] Behzadi, M. S., Niasati, M., “Comparative performance analysis of a hybrid PV/FC/battery stand-alone system using different power management strategies and sizing approaches”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40: 538-548, (2015).
• [171] Mubaarak, S., Zhang, D., Wang, L., Mohan, M., Kumar, P. M., Li, C., Zhang, Y., and Li, M., “Efficient photovoltaics-integrated hydrogen fuel cell-based hybrid system: Energy management and optimal configuration”, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 13, (2021).
• [172] Nosratabadi, S. M., Hemmati, R., Bornapour, M., and Abdollahpour, M., “Economic evaluation and energy/exergy analysis of PV/Wind/PEMFC energy resources employment based on capacity, type of source and government incentive policies: Case study in Iran”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 43, (2021).
• [173] Chaturvedi, D. K., “Modeling and Simulation of Systems Using MATLAB and Simulink”, 1st edition, Boca Raton, 734, (2017).
• [174] Malheiro, A., Castro, P. M., Lima, R. M., and Estanqueiro, A., “Integrated sizing and scheduling of wind/PV/diesel/battery isolated systems”, Renewable Energy, 83: 646-657, (2015).
• [175] Tito, S. R., Lie, T. T., and Anderson, T. N., “Optimal sizing of a wind/photovoltaic/battery hybrid renewable energy system considering socio-demographic factors”, Solar Energy, 136: 525-532, (2016).