Reinforcement of Na-Alginate Based Films with Carrot Juice Processing Wastes

Abstract

In this study, Na-alginate based films were produced with the addition of cellulosic fibres from carrot juice processing wastes for employment of agricultural wastes as reinforcing agent in biobased films for food packaging purposes. These films were characterized by water vapour permeability WVP , colour, XRD, transmittance and the SEM analysis. The WVP of the Na-alginate based films were significantly decreased upon the addition of carrot fibre at each level of incorporation 1% and 5%, w/w on alginate basis . Depending on the colour values, the obtained films were highly transparent, but the yellowness of the 5% carrot fibre film CFF was significantly higher than control 0% CFF and 1% CFF samples p< 0.05 . The transmittance of control film was higher than the carrot fibre added films, since the lower light impermeability of 5% CFF was notable in the visual observations and the SEM images. The results revealed that the obtained carrot fibre cellulosic material may be used as reinforcing agent in biobased films for food packaging applications.

Keywords

• Carrot pulp,Alginate,Edible film,Food packaging,Waste.

References

1. 1. Maizura M, Fazilah A, Norziah MH, Karim AA. Antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of partially hydrolyzed sago starch–alginate edible film containing lemongrass oil. Journal of Food Science 72(6) (2007) C324-C330.
2. 2. Benavides S, Villalobos-Carvajal R, Reyes JE. Physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of alginate film: Effect of the crosslinking degree and oregano essential oil concentration. Journal of Food Engineering 110(2) (2012) 232-239.
3. 3. Bierhalz ACK, da Silva MA, Kieckbusch TG. Natamycin release from alginate/pectin films for food packaging applications. Journal of Food Engineering 110(1) (2012) 18-25.
4. 4. Rhim JW. Physical and mechanical properties of water resistant sodium alginate films. LWT-Food Science and Technology 37(3) (2004) 323-330.
5. 5. Tavassoli-Kafrani E, Shekarchizadeh H, Masoudpour-Behabadi M. Development of edible films and coatings from alginates and carrageenans. Carbohydrate Polymers 137 (2016) 360-374.
6. 6. Abdollahi M, Alboofetileh M, Behrooz R, Rezaei M, Miraki R. Reducing water sensitivity of alginate bio-nanocomposite film using cellulose nanoparticles. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 54 (2013) 166-173.
7. 7. Encalada AMI, Basanta MF, Fissore EN, De’Nobili MD, Rojas AM. Carrot fiber (CF) composite films for antioxidant preservation: Particle size effect. Carbohydrate Polymers 136 (2016) 1041-1051.
8. 8. Wang LF, Shankar S, Rhim, JW. Properties of alginate-based films reinforced with cellulose fibers and cellulose nanowhiskers isolated from mulberry pulp. Food Hydrocolloids 63 (2017) 201-208.

9. 9. Huq T, Salmieri S, Khan A, Khan RA, Le Tien C, Riedl B, Fraschini C, Bouchard J, Uribe-Calderon J, Kamal MR, Lacroix M. Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) reinforced alginate based biodegradable nanocomposite film. Carbohydrate Polymers 90(4) (2012) 1757-1763.
10. 10. Sirviö JA, Kolehmainen A, Liimatainen H, Niinimäki J, Hormi OE. Biocomposite cellulose-alginate films: Promising packaging materials. Food Chemistry 151 (2014) 343-351.
11. 11. Zain NM, Yusop SM, Ahmad I. Preparation and characterization of cellulose and nanocellulose from pomelo (Citrus grandis) albedo. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences 5(1) (2014) 334.
12. 12. Otoni CG, Lodi BD, Lorevice MV, Leitão RC, Ferreira MD, de Moura MR, Mattoso LH. Optimized and scaled-up production of cellulose-reinforced biodegradable composite films made up of carrot processing waste. Industrial Crops and Products 121 (2018) 66-72.
13. 13. Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Ibrahim R, Abral H, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES, Atikah MSN, Nurazzi NM, Atiqah A, Ansari MNM, Syafri, E, Asrofi M, Sari HS, Jumaidin R. Effect of sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose concentrations on morphological, mechanical and physical properties of biodegradable films based on agro-waste sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr) starch. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8(5) (2019) 4819-4830.
14. 14. Hasan M, Lai TK, Gopakumar DA, Jawaid M, Owolabi FAT, Mistar EM, Alfatah T, Noriman NZ, Haafiz MKM, Khalil HA. Micro crystalline bamboo cellulose based seaweed biodegradable composite films for sustainable packaging material. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27(7) (2019) 1602-1612.
15. 15. Manzato L, Rabelo LCA, de Souza SM, da Silva CG, Sanches EA, Rabelo D, Mariuba LAM, Simonsen J. New approach for extraction of cellulose from tucumã's endocarp and its structural characterization. Journal of Molecular Structure 1143 (2017) 229- 234.
16. 16. Sogut E, Cakmak H. Utilization of carrot (daucus carota l.) fiber as a filler for chitosan based films. Food Hydrocolloids 106 (2020) 105861 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105861.
17. 17. Huang X, Xie F, Xiong X. Surface-modified microcrystalline cellulose for reinforcement of chitosan film. Carbohydrate Polymers 201 (2018) 367-373.
18. 18. Park S, Baker JO, Himmel ME, Parilla PA, Johnson DK. Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Biotechnology for Biofuels 3(1) (2010) 10.
19. 19. Guimarães IC, dos Reis KC, Menezes EGT, Rodrigues AC, da Silva TF, de Oliveira IRN, Boas EVDBV. Cellulose microfibrillated suspension of carrots obtained by mechanical defibrillation and their application in edible starch films. Industrial Crops and Products 89 (2016) 285-294.
20. 20. Ramesh S, Radhakrishnan P. Cellulose nanoparticles from agroindustrial waste for the development of active packaging. Applied Surface Science 484 (2019) 1274-1281.
21. 21. Yang Q, Lue A, Zhang L. Reinforcement of ramie fibers on regenerated cellulose films. Composites Science and Technology 70(16) (2010) 2319-2324.
22. 22. Alshhab A, Yilmaz E. Sodium alginate/poly (4-vinylpyridine) polyelectrolyte multilayer films: Preparation, characterization and ciprofloxacin HCl release. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 147 (2020) 809-820.