Comparative acute toxicity study of Syringodium isoetifolium on aquatic and rodent experimental animals

Abstract

This study was designed to explore toxic potential associated with hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium seagrass (HAESI) on brine shrimp, zebrafish and Wistar albino rats according to the OECD guidelines. The different concentrations of extract were applied to brine shrimp (0.01-1 mg/ml), zebrafish (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/ml) and Wistar albino rat (500, 1000, 2000, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). The control group received distilled water and the studies were carried out as per the OECD guidelines [203 and 423]. The experimental subjects were observed individually for the first 24 hours, with special attention given during the first four hours, thereafter for a prescribed duration. The results of brine shrimp exhibited increased mortality with the increasing concentrations of the extract. Maximum mortality occurred at 1000 Microgram per milliliter (μg/ml) and least mortality happened at 1 μg/ml concentration. The toxic effect on brine shrimp due to the poor elimination of cytotoxic substances from the body at high concentrations and elimination freely occur at low concentrations. Whereas no mortality and behavioural change were observed in the zebrafish and Wistar albino rats irrespective of the concentration.

Keywords

• Toxicological study
• Syringodium isoetifolium
• Hydroalcoholic extract
• Aquatic animals
• Rodent animals

References

1. 1. Griffiths M, Strobel BW, Hama JR, Cedergreen N: Toxicity and risk of plant-produced alkaloids to Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Eur 2021, 33: 10.
2. 2. Jia R, Song X, Guo Y, Yin Z, Liu F, Xiong J, Liu Q, Jia R, Li L, Zou Y, Yin L, He C, Liang X, Yue G: Acute and subchronic toxicity as well as evaluation of safety pharmacology of modified pulsatilla granules. J Integr Agric 2017, 16(3): 671-678.
3. 3. Cassar S, Adatto I, Freeman JL, Gamse JT, Iturria I, Lawrence C, Muriana A, Peterson RT, Cruchten SV, Zon LI: Use of zebrafish in drug discovery toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020, 33: 95-118.
4. 4. Iserhienrhien OL, Okolie PN: Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Geophila obvallata on renal and hepatic indices in wistar rats. Cogent Food Agric 2020; 6(1).
5. 5. Tye M, Masino MA: Dietary contaminants and their effects on zebrafish embryos. Toxics 2019, 7(3): 46.
6. 6. Pitchfor LM, Smith JD, Abumrad NN, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC: Acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity evaluations of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in mice and rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018, 98: 190-198.
7. 7. Karimi A, Majlesi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M: Herbal versus synthetic drugs; beliefs and facts. J Nephropharmacol 2015, 4(1): 27-30.
8. 8. Moreira DL, Teixeira SS, Monteiro MHD, De-Oliveira ACAX, Paumgartten FJR: Traditional use and safty of herbal medicines. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2014, 24(2): 248-257.

9. 9. Woo CSJ, Lau JSH, EI-Nezami H: Chaper10-herbal medicine: Toxicity and recent trends in assessing their potential toxic effects. Adv Bio Res 2012, 62: 365-384.
10. 10. Phua DH, Zosel A, Heard K: Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities-when to anticipate them and how to manage them. Int J Emerg Med 2009, 2: 69-76.
11. 11. Nordlund LM, Koch EW, Barbier EB, Creed JC: Seagras ecosystem services and their variability across genera and geographical regions. PLos One 2017, 12(1): e0169942.
12. 12. Waycott M, Duarte CM, Carruthers TJB, Williams S: Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. PNAS 2009, 106(30): 12377-12381.
13. 13. Rengasamy KRR, Sadeer NB, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF, Cziaky Z, Jeko J, Diuzheva A, Abdullah HH, Kim DH: Biopharmaceutical potential, chemical profile and in silico study of the seagrass-Syringodium isoetifolium (Asch.) dandy. S Afr J Bot 2019, 127: 167-175.
14. 14. Kannan RRR, Arumugam R, Iyapparaj P, Thangaradjou T, Anantharaman P: In vitro antibacterial, cytotoxicity and haemolytic activities and phytochemical analysis of seagrasses from the Gulf of Mannar, South India. Food Chem 2013, 136: 1484-1489.
15. 15. Kannan RRR, Arumugam R, Iyapparaj P, Thangaradjou T, Anantharaman P: Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and p-coumaric acid analysis in some seagrasses. Food Res Int 2013, 54(1): 1229-1236.
16. 16. Zidorn C: Secondary metabolites of seagrasses (Alismatales and Potamogetonales; Alismatidae): Chemical diversity, bioactivity, and ecological function. Phytochemistry 2016, 124: 5-28.
17. 17. Martinez MJA, Olmo LMBD, Benito PB: Natural marine antiviral products. Stud Nat Prod Chem 2008, 35: 101-134.
18. 18. Huang Y, Xiao X, Xu C, Perianen YD, Hu J, Holmer M: Seagrass beds acting as a trap of microplastics - Emerging hotspot in the coastal region?. Environ Pollut 2020, 257:113450.
19. 19. Ranjbar G, Mikhailidis DP, Sahebkar A: Effects of newer antidiabetic drugs on nonalcoholic fatty liver and steatohepatitis: Think out of the box!. Metabolism 2019, 101:154001.
20. 20. Premarathna AD, Ranahewa TH, Wijesekera SK, Harishchandra DL, Karunathilake KJK, Waduga RN, Wijesundara RRMKK, Jayasooriya AP, Wijewardana V, Rajapakse RPVJ: Preliminary screening of the aqueous extracts of twenty-three different seaweed species in Srilanka with in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Heliyon 2020, 6(6): e03918.
21. 21. Unsworth RKF, McKenzie LJ, Nordlund LM, Cullen-Unsworth LC: A changing climate for seagrass conservation? Curr Biol 2018, 28(21): 1229-1232.
22. 22. Shailaja VL, Christina VS, Mohanapriya CD, Sneha P, Lakshmi Sundaram R, Magesh R, Doss CGP, Gnanambal KME: A natural anticancer pigment, Pheophytin a, from a seagrass acts as a high affinity human mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) ligand, in silico, to reduce mitochondrial membrane Potential (∆ψmit) in adenocarcinomic A549 cells. Phytomedicine 2019, 61:152858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152858.
23. 23. Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC: Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products; a comprehensive review. Chin Med 2018, 13(20): 1-26.
24. 24. Casal-Porras I, Jimenez-Ramos R, Zubia E, Brun FG: Importance of the chemical defenses and sugars in the feeding preference of Paracentrotus lividus over two sympatric template seagrass species. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 2021, 259: 107466.
25. 25. Sasidharan S, Darah I, Jain K: In vivo and in vitro toxicity study of Gracilaria changii. Pharm Bio 2008, 46(6): 413-417.
26. 26. Camargo WN, Durán GC, Rada OC, Hernández LC, Linero JG, Muelle IM, Sorgeloos P: Determination of biological and physicochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana strains in hypersaline environments for aquaculture in the Colombian Caribbean. Saline Syst 2005, 1(9): 1-11.
27. 27. Choe H, Kim MJ, Jeon H, Kim K, Kim C, Park J, Shin J, Lee S, Lee S: Acute toxicity of the insecticide EPN upon zebrafish (Dania reio) embryos and its related adverse effects: verification of abnormal cardiac development and seizure-like events. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021, 222:112544.
28. 28. Hazarika I, Geetha KM, Sundari PS, Madhu D: Acute oral toxicity evaluation of extracts of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides in wister albino rats as per OECD 425 TG. Toxicol Rep 2019, 6: 321-328.
29. 29. Alelign T, Chalchisa D, Fekadu N, Solomon D, Sisay T, Debella A, Petros B: Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of selected traditional antiurolithiatic medicinal plant extracts in Wistar albino rats. Toxicol Rep 2020, 7: 1356-1365.
30. 30. Sahgal G, Ramanathan S, Sasidharan S, Mordi MN, Ismail S, Mansor SM: Brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity studies on Swietenia mahagoni (Linn.) Jacq. seed methanolic extract. Pharmacogn Res 2010, 2(4): 215-220.
31. 31. Nowakowska K, Giebultowicz, J, Kamaszewski M, Adamski A, Szudrowicz H, Ostaszewska T, Solarska-Dzieciolowska U, Nalecz-jawecki G, Wroczynski P, Drobniewska A: Acute exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae to environmental concentrations of selected antidepressants: Bioaccumulation, physiological and histological changes. Comp Biochem Physiol Part-C: Toxicol Pharmacol 2020, 229: 108670.
32. 32. Eissa MI, El-Sherbiny MA, Ibrahim AM, Abdelsadik A, Mohamed MM, EI-Halawany MS: Biochemical and Histopathological studies on female and male Wistar rats fed on genetically modified soybean meals (Roundup Ready). JOBAZ 2019, 80:54.
33. 33. Kim TK: Understanding one-way ANOVA using conceptual figures. Korean J Anesthesiol 2017, 70(1): 22-26.
34. 34. Amudha P, Vanitha V: Toxicological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation of the ethanolic extract of seagrass- Enhalus acoroides in albino wistar rats. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2019, 18: 101082.