Development Status of The Hindlimb Extremity Bones of The Watchdog Hybrid Fetus (40 Days Old)

Abstract

Hindlimb extremity bones of 40-day-old watchdog hybrid fetuses were examined. Knowing the normal formation of the extremities is important for understanding possible disorders and their treatment. The developmental processes of the movement system do not occur as sequentially as expected. Alizarin red and alcian according to Inouye technique bones of 40-day-old animals were stained with alcian blue. Dissections of bones preserved in appropriate solutions were performed. Stereomicroscopic and normal photographs were taken with a digital camera. Measurements were taken from the dissected legs with a 150 mm Mitutoyo brand caliper. Hindlimb bones of 40-day-old guard dog hybrid fetuses were observed to have primary ossification centers, while some bones had no ossification centers. A primary ossification center was observed in the corpus of the femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsus bones of the hind limb, while no ossification center was observed in the proximal and distal ends. Also, patella, ossa tarsi, and ossa digitorum pedis no ossification centers were observed.

Keywords

• Bone
• fetus
• hind limb
• watchdog hybrid

Bekçi Köpeği Melezi Fetüsünün (40 Günlük) Arka Ekstremite Kemiklerinin Gelişim Durumu

Abstract

40 günlük bekçi köpeği melezi fetüslerinin arka bacak ekstremite kemikleri incelendi. Ekstremitelerin normal oluşumunu bilmek, olası bozuklukları ve tedavilerini anlamak için önemlidir. Hareket sisteminin gelişim süreçleri beklendiği gibi sırayla gerçekleşmez. Inouye tekniğine göre 40 günlük hayvanların kemikleri alizarin red ve alcian blue ile boyandı. Uygun solüsyonlarda saklanan kemiklerin diseksiyonları yapıldı. Stereomikroskop ve dijital kamera ile fotoğrafları çekildi. Diseke edilen bacaklardan 150 mm'lik Mitutoyo marka kumpas ile ölçümler alındı. 40 günlük bekçi köpeği melez fetüslerinin arka bacak kemiklerinde birincil kemikleşme merkezleri gözlenirken, bazı kemiklerde hiç kemikleşme merkezi olmadığı görüldü. Arka ekstremite kemiklerinden femur, tibia, fibula ve metatarsus kemiklerinin gövdelerinde birer tane primer ossifikasyon merkezi gözlenirken, proksimal ve distal uçlarda ossifikasyon merkezi gözlenmedi. Ayrıca, patella, ossa tarsi ve ossa digitorum pedis'te ossifikasyon merkezi gözlenmedi.

Keywords

• Arka ekstremite
• fetus
• kemik
• bekçi köpeği melezi.

References

1. Arıncı K, Elhan A, 2001: Kemikler, Eklemler, Kaslar, İç organlar Ders Kitabı. Güneş Kitabevi. Ankara. 1-30.
2. Atalgın H, Kürtül İ, Bozkurt EU, 2007: Postnatal osteological development of hyoid bone in the New Zealand White Rabbit. Vet Res Commun, 31, 653-.660.
3. Atalgın ŞH, Çakır A, 2006: Postnatal osteological develeopment of the os coxae and femur of the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Vet J Ankara Univ, 53 (3), 155-159.
4. Atalgın ŞH, Kürtül I, 2009: A morphological study of skeletal development in Turkey during the prehatching stage. Anat Histol Embryol, 38, 23-30.
5. Barone R, 1986: Anatomie Comparee Des Mammiferes Domestiques. Osteologie Vigot freres. Paris. 542-589.
6. Chapman WL, 1965: Appearance of ossication centers and epiphysial closures as determined by radyographic techniques. J.A.V.M.A, 147, 138-141.
7. Debrunner HU, Jacob HAC, 1998: Biomechanik des FuBes. Beih Z Orthop, 49-55.
8. Doğuer S, Erençin Z, 1962: Evcil Hayvanların Komparativ Osteolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara.

9. Dyce K M, S ack W D, W ensing C JG, 1 987: T extbook o f Veterinary Anatomy, WB; pp. 67-76, Saunders Company, London.
10. Evans HE, Sack WO, 1973: Prenatal development of domestic and laboratory mammals: Growth curves, external features, and selected references. Anat Histol Embryol, 2, 11-45.
11. Gardner E, Gray DJ, O'Rahilly R, 1959: The prenatal development of the skeleton and joints of the human foot. J Bone Joint Surg, 41, 847-876.
12. Getty R, 1975: The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, WB. Stunders Company. London 22-23, 271-296.
13. Gruber H, Brenner E, Schmitt O, Fritsch H, 2001: The different growth zones of the fetal foot. Anat Anz, 183 (3), 267-273.
14. Hare WCD, 1961: The ages at which the centers of ossification appearr roentgenographically in the limb bones of the dog. Am J Vet Res, 90, 825-835.
15. Ko FC, Sumner DR, 2021: How faithfully does intramembranous bone regeneration recapitulate embryonic skeletal development? Dev Dynam, 250 (3), 377-392.
16. Kume K, Satomura K, Nishisho S, Kitaoka E, Yamanouchi K, Tobiume S, N agayama M , 2 012: P otential R ole o f L eptin in Endochondral Ossification. JHC, 50 (2), 159-169.
17. Pisani G, 1998: Ontomorphogenese. In: Fugchirurgie. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, New York, pp 53-84.
18. Rogers C W, G ee E K, D ittmer K E, 2 021: G rowth a nd B one Development in the Horse: When Is a Horse Skeletally Mature? Animals, 29; 11(12):3402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123402
19. Salhotra A, Shah HN, Levi B, Longaker MT, 2020: Mechanisms of bone development and repair. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 21 (11), 696-711.
20. Schilling FW, 1985: Wachstum und Entwicklung des Fuges im Kindesalter. Habilitationsschrift, Mtinster.
21. Serra‐Vinardell J, Roca‐Ayats N, De‐Ugarte L, Vilageliu L, Balcells S, Grinberg D, 2020: Bone development and remodeling in metabolic disorders. JIMD, 43 (1), 133-144.
22. Song L, 2022: Effects of exercise or mechanical stimulation on bone development and bone repair. Stem Cells Int, 2022 (1), 5372229.
23. Stevens MM, 2008: Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today Energy, 11 (5), 18-25.
24. Topaloğlu U , K etani M A, G üney B S, 2 017: K emik doku ve kemikleşme çeşitleri. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 10 (1), 62-71. Wang JS, Tokavanich N, W ein M N, 2 023: S P7: f rom Bone Development to Skeletal Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 21, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-023-00778-7
25. Williams PL, Dyson M, 1989: Gray's Anatomy. The Both Press, London, 279-312.
26. Zhang X, Siclari VA, Lan S, Zhu J, Koyama E, Dupuis HL, Iwamoto ME, Beier F, Qin L, 2011: The Critical Role of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Endochondral Ossification. JBMR, 26 (11), 2622–2633.