Honamlı Keçilerinde Progesteron Emdirilmiş İntravajinal Süngerin Vajinal Mikroflora ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılık Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Honamlı keçilerinde intravajinal progesteron emdirilmiş sünger uygulanmasından önce ve sonra vajinal mikroflora değişikliklerini değerlendirmek ve izole edilen mikroorganizmaların antibiyotik duyarlılık profillerini incelemek amaçlandı. Vajinal swaplar, 30 keçiden sünger uygulamasından önce ve dokuz gün sonra toplandı. Sünger uygulamasından önce 30 örneğin 8’inde (%26.7) bakteriyel büyüme tespit edildi, tedavi sonrası ise 30 örneğin 25’inde (%83.3) bakteriyel büyüme gözlemlendi (p = 0.0001). Sünger uygulaması sonrasında en sık izole edilen patojen Streptococcus spp. olup 20 keçide (%66.7) tespit edilmiştir; bunu 16 keçide (%53.3) Corynebacterium spp., 12 keçide (%40) koagülaz-negatif Staphylococcus spp., 4 keçide (%13.3) Bacillus spp. ve 1 keçide (%3.3) Escherichia coli takip etmiştir. Sünger çıkarılmasının ardından 22 keçide (%73.3) vajinal akıntı skoru 2 olarak değerlendirilmiş ve bu durum bakteriyel izolasyon ile anlamlı bir ilişki göstermiştir (p = 0.01). Yüksek oranlı bakteriyel kolonizasyona rağmen, 30 keçiden 24’ünde (%80) gebelik tespit edilmiş ve kültür pozitif ya da negatif olan hayvanlar arasında gebelik oranı açısından anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p = 0.31). Benzer şekilde, gebelik sonucu ile akıntı şiddeti (p = 0.48), yaş grubu, canlı ağırlık veya vücut kondisyon skoru (p > 0.05) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testi, penisilin, ampisilin ve sefalotinin arasında bakteriyel türler arasında anlamlı farklar olduğunu gösterdi (p = 0.003). Tüm izolatlar seftiofura (%100) duyarlı iken, sefotaksim ve siprofloksasine duyarlılık sırasıyla %88 ve %82 bulundu. En yüksek direnç, trimetoprim-sülfametoksazol (%57) ve sefoksitin (%42) için gözlemlendi. Bu bulgular, intravajinal sünger kullanımının vajinal mikroflorayı önemli ölçüde değiştirmesine ve pürülan akıntıyı artırmasına rağmen, Honamlı keçilerde üreme başarısını olumsuz etkilemediğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Antibiyotik
• bakteri
• progesteron
• sünger
• vajina.

Impact of Intravaginal Progesterone-Impregnated Sponge on Vaginal Microflora and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Honamli Goats

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in vaginal microflora before and after the application of intravaginal progesterone-impregnated sponges in Honamli goats during the natural breeding season, and to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated microorganisms. Vaginal swabs were collected from 30 goats before sponge insertion and again after nine days. Bacterial growth was detected in 8 of 30 samples (26.7%) before sponge application and in 25 of 30 samples (83.3%) after treatment (p = 0.0001). Streptococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated pathogen post-treatment (66.7%), followed by Corynebacterium spp. (53.3%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (40%), Bacillus spp. (13.3%), and Escherichia coli (3.3%). Following sponge removal, 22 goats (73.3%) had a vaginal discharge score of 2, which was significantly associated with bacterial isolation (p = 0.01). Despite the high rate of bacterial colonization, pregnancy occurred in 24 of 30 goats (80%), with no significant difference between culture-positive and culture-negative animals (p = 0.31). Similarly, no statistically significant association was observed between pregnancy outcome and discharge severity (p = 0.48), age group, body weight, or body condition score (p > 0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed significant differences among bacterial species for penicillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin (p = 0.003). All isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur (100%), while susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin was 88% and 82%, respectively. Resistance was highest to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%) and cefoxitin (42%). These findings highlight that although intravaginal sponge use substantially altered vaginal microflora and increased purulent discharge, it did not negatively affect fertility in Honamli goats.

Keywords

• Antibiotic susceptibility
• Bacterial
• Intravaginal sponge
• Vaginal microflora.

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