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Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 79 - 89, 15.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1230632

Öz

In this article, experimental studies were carried out for the preparation, characterization, and nanomechanical membrane application of Graphene-based nanomechanical mass and acoustic hybrid sensors. The purpose of this study was to prepare facile and low-cost nanomechanical membrane-based mass-acoustic hybrid sensors by set-ups developed on the exfoliation and membrane transfer methods, and to examine their morphological, spectroscopical, and nanomechanical-vibrational properties, as well as the membrane characteristics like mass and acoustic sensitivities and durability over time. For the experiments, equipment and items such as optical, digital, atomic force and scanning electron microscopes, Raman spectroscope, acoustic signal source and amplifier, data-logger, sound pressure level meter, and laser Doppler vibrometer were used. Graphene-based nanomechanical membrane sensor chips with varying acoustic pressure levels and mass-loadings were tested. It was observed that the acoustic sensitivity of the produced 706.5 µm2 nanomechanical membranes increased with increasing sound pressure levels and decreased with increasing mass-loads. With 67.8 ± 5 nm/Pa, the unloaded nanomechanical membrane was the most sensitive sample. Experimental challenges and sensor development solutions were discussed. Existing application examples were examined and discussions were made on the current challenges and the future prospects of the nanomechanical membrane sensors.

Destekleyen Kurum

Istiklal University and Universidad del Pais Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

Proje Numarası

713694

Teşekkür

The Author of this article would like to thank Dr. Joel Villatoro, Dr. Joseba Zubia, Dr. Alex Rozhin, and her other valuable colleagues for their valuable supports.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Bunch, J.S., et al., Electromechanical Resonators from Graphene Sheets. Science, 2007. 315: p. 490–493.
  • 2. Chen, C., et al., Performance of Monolayer Graphene Nanomechanical Resonators with Electrical Readout. Nature Nanotechnology, 2009. 4: p. 861–867.
  • 3. Zhou, X., et al., The Rise of Graphene Photonic Crystal Fibers. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022. 32(42): p. 2202282.
  • 4. Novoselov, K.S., et al., Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science, 2004. 306: p. 666–670.
  • 5. Shin, D.H., et al., Graphene Nano-Electromechanical Mass Sensor with High Resolution at Room Temperature. iScience, 2023. p. 1059.
  • 6. Cakmak, N.K., Kucukyazici, M., Eroglu, A., Synthesis and stability analysis of folic acid-graphene oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeted cancer therapies. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2019. 3(2): p. 81-85.
  • 7. Cervetti, C., et al. The Classical and Quantum Dynamics of Molecular Spins on Graphene. Nature Materials, 2016. 15: p. 164–168.
  • 8. Ferrari, A.C., et al., Science and Technology Roadmap for Graphene, Related Two-Dimensional Crystals, and Hybrid Systems. Nanoscale, 2015. 7: p. 4598–4810.
  • 9. Memisoglu, G., Gulbahar, B., Fernandez-Bello, R., Preparation and Characterization of Freely-Suspended Graphene Nanomechanical Membrane Devices with Quantum Dots for Point-of-Care Applications. Micromachines, 2020. 11: p. 1–14.
  • 10. Stickler, B.A., and Hornberger, K., Molecular Rotations in Matter-Wave Interferometry. Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 2015. 92: p. 1–8.
  • 11. Bunch, J.S., et al., Impermeable Atomic Membranes from Graphene Sheets. Nano Letters, 2008. 8: p. 2458–2462.
  • 12. Chen, C., et al., Graphene Mechanical Oscillators with Tunable Frequency. Nature Nanotechnology, 2013. 8: p. 923–927.
  • 13. Imamura, G., et al., Graphene Oxide as a Sensing Material for Gas Detection based on Nanomechanical Sensors in the Static Mode. Chemosensors, 2020. 8: p. 1–17.
  • 14. Pezone, R., et al., Sensitive Transfer-Free Wafer-Scale Graphene Microphones. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2022.
  • 15. Standley, B., Bao, W., Zhang, H., Bruck, J., Graphene-Based Atomic-Scale Switches. Nano Letters, 2008. 8: p. 3345–3349.
  • 16. Wu, Z.S., Parvez, K., Feng, X., Müllen, K., Graphene-Based in-Plane Micro-Supercapacitors with High Power and Energy Densities. Nature Communications, 2013. 4.
  • 17. Akyildiz, I.F., and Jornet, J.M. The Internet of Nano-Things. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2010. 17: p. 58–63.
  • 18. Akyildiz, I.F.; Jornet, J.M. Electromagnetic Wireless Nanosensor Networks. Nano Communication Networks, 2010, 1: p. 3–19.
  • 19. Rogers, J., Huang, Y., Schmidt, O.G., Gracias, D.H., Origami MEMS and NEMS. MRS Bulletin, 2016. 41: p. 123–129.
  • 20. Chen, Y., Zhang, B., Liu, G., Zhuang, X., Kang, E.T., Graphene and Its Derivatives: Switching on and Off. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012. 41: p. 4688–4707.
  • 21. Memisoglu, G., and Gulbahar, B. Supercapacitor Assembly for Portable Electronic Devices, and Method of Operating the Same, EPOPatent - EP003422376B1, 2021. p. 1–12.
  • 22. Shiba, K., et al., Functional Nanoparticles-Coated Nanomechanical Sensor Arrays for Machine Learning-Based Quantitative Odor Analysis. ACS Sensors, 2018. 3: p. 1592–1600.
  • 23. Memisoglu, G., and Gulbahar, B. Acousto - Optic Transducer Array and Method, USPatent - US20200068318A1, 2020: p. 1–5.
  • 24. Zande, A.M.V.D., et al., Large-Scale Arrays of Single Layer Graphene Resonators, Nano Letters, 2010. 10(12): p. 4869-4873.
  • 25. Ma, J., Jin, W., Ho, H.L., Dai, J.Y. High-Sensitivity Fiber-Tip Pressure Sensor with Graphene Diaphragm. Optics Letters 2012. 37: p. 2493.
  • 26. Gulbahar, B., and Memisoglu, G. CSSTag: Optical Nanoscale Radar and Particle Tracking for In-Body and Microfluidic Systems with Vibrating Graphene and Resonance Energy Transfer. IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience, 2017. 16(8), p. 905-916.
  • 27. Adhikari, S., Chowdhury, R. Zeptogram Sensing from Gigahertz Vibration: Graphene based Nanosensor. Physica E, 2012. 44: p. 1528–1534.
  • 28. Memisoglu, G. Vibrating FRET based Nanomechanical Sensor Preparation and Characterization for Environmental Monitoring Applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021. 21: p. 3871–3878.
  • 29. Liu, S., et al., Nano-Optomechanical Resonators based Graphene/Au Membrane for Current Sensing. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2022. 40: p. 7200–7207.
  • 30. Liu, S., et al., Nano-Optomechanical Resonators based on Suspended Graphene for Thermal Stress Sensing. Sensors, 2022. 22: p. 9068.
  • 31. Singh, V., et al., Probing Thermal Expansion of Graphene and Modal Dispersion at Low-Temperature Using Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Systems Resonators. Nanotechnology, 2010. 21: p. 165204.
  • 32. Gulbahar, B., and Memisoglu, G. Nanoscale Optical Communications Modulator and Acousto-Optic Transduction with Vibrating Graphene and Resonance Energy Transfer. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2017.
  • 33. Chen, T., et al., Designing Energy-Efficient Separation Membranes: Knowledge from Nature for a Sustainable Future. Advanced Membranes, 2022. 2: p. 100031.
  • 34. Gupta, A., Sakthivel, T., Seal, S. Recent Development in 2D Materials beyond Graphene. Progress in Materials Science, 2015. 73: p. 44–126.
  • 35. Duan, K., Li, L., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Pillared Graphene as an Ultra-High Sensitivity Mass Sensor. Scientific Reports, 2017. 7: p. 1–8.
  • 36. Fletcher, N. Acoustic Systems in Biology; New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1992.
  • 37. Ekinci, K.L., Yang, Y.T., Roukes, M.L., Ultimate Limits to Inertial Mass Sensing based upon Nanoelectromechanical Systems. Journal of Applied Physics, 2004. 95: p. 2682–2689.
  • 38. Liu, Y., Dong, X., Chen, P., Biological and Chemical Sensors Based on Graphene Materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012. 41: p. 2283–2307.
  • 39. Sakhaee-Pour, A., and Ahmadian, M.T., Vafai, A. Applications of Single-Layered Graphene Sheets as Mass Sensors and Atomistic Dust Detectors. Solid State Communications, 2008. 145: p. 168–172.
  • 40. Castellanos-Gomez, A., et al., Deterministic Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials by All-Dry Viscoelastic Stamping. 2D Materials, 2014. 1: p. 1–34.
  • 41. Frisenda, R., et al., Recent Progress in the Assembly of Nanodevices and van Der Waals Heterostructures by Deterministic Placement of 2D Materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018. 47: p. 53–68.
  • 42. Smith, A.D., et al., Piezoresistive Properties of Suspended Graphene Membranes under Uniaxial and Biaxial Strain in Nanoelectromechanical Pressure Sensors. ACS Nano, 2016. 10: p. 9879–9886.
  • 43. Gulbahar, B. Energy Harvesting and Magneto-Inductive Communications with Molecular Magnets on Vibrating Graphene and Biomedical Applications in the KHz to THz Band. IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications, 2017. 3: p. 194–206.
  • 44. Barton, R.A., et al., High, Size-Dependent Quality Factor in an Array of Graphene Mechanical Resonators. Nano Letters, 2011. 11: p. 1232–1236.
  • 45. Chen, Y., et al., Nano-Optomechanical Resonators for Sensitive Pressure Sensing. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2022. 14: p. 39211–39219.
  • 46. Ferrari, A.C., Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphite: Disorder, Electron-Phonon Coupling, Doping and Nonadiabatic Effects. Solid State Communications, 2007. 143: p. 47–57.
  • 47. Ferrari, A.C., et al., Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers. Physical Review Letters, 2006. 97: p. 1–4.
  • 48. Ferrante, C., et al., Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene under Ultrafast Laser Excitation. Nature Communications 2018. 9: p. 1–8.
  • 49. Tahir, N.A.M., et al., Optimisation of Graphene Grown from Solid Waste Using CVD Method. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020. 106: p. 211–218.
  • 50. Eckmann, A., et al., Probing the Nature of Defects in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy. Nano Letters, 2012. 12: p. 3925–3930.
  • 51. Calizo, I., Balandin, A.A., Bao, W., Miao, F., Lau, C.N., Temperature Dependence of the Raman Spectra of Graphene and Graphene Multilayers. Nano Letters, 2007. 7: p. 2645–2649.
  • 52. May, P., et al., Signature of the Two-Dimensional Phonon Dispersion in Graphene Probed by Double-Resonant Raman Scattering. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2013. 87.
  • 53. Alshaikh, M.M., Mica as an Ultra-Flat Substrate for Studying Mechanically Exfoliated Graphene, Swansea University, 2021.
  • 54. Instanano Graphene Number of Layers Calculator From ID/IG and I2D/IG Ratio via Raman Spectroscopy Available online: https://instanano.com/characterization/calculator/raman/graphene-layers/.
  • 55. Mallegni, N., et al., Sensing Devices for Detecting and Processing Acoustic Signals in Healthcare. Biosensors, 2022. 12: p. 835.
  • 56. Memisoglu, G., Gulbahar, B., Zubia, J., Villatoro, J., Theoretical Modeling of Viscosity Monitoring with Vibrating Resonance Energy Transfer for Point-of-Care and Environmental Monitoring Applications. Micromachines, 2018. 10: p. 11.
  • 57. Sachdeva, A., Singh, P.K., Rhee, H.W. Composite Materials Properties, Characterization, and Applications; Amit Sachdeva, Pramod Kumar Singh, H.W.R., Ed.; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2021. ISBN 978-1-003-08063-3.
  • 58. Zhang, H., et al., Graphene-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2022. 197: p. 11–13.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 79 - 89, 15.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1230632

Öz

Proje Numarası

713694

Kaynakça

  • 1. Bunch, J.S., et al., Electromechanical Resonators from Graphene Sheets. Science, 2007. 315: p. 490–493.
  • 2. Chen, C., et al., Performance of Monolayer Graphene Nanomechanical Resonators with Electrical Readout. Nature Nanotechnology, 2009. 4: p. 861–867.
  • 3. Zhou, X., et al., The Rise of Graphene Photonic Crystal Fibers. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022. 32(42): p. 2202282.
  • 4. Novoselov, K.S., et al., Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science, 2004. 306: p. 666–670.
  • 5. Shin, D.H., et al., Graphene Nano-Electromechanical Mass Sensor with High Resolution at Room Temperature. iScience, 2023. p. 1059.
  • 6. Cakmak, N.K., Kucukyazici, M., Eroglu, A., Synthesis and stability analysis of folic acid-graphene oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeted cancer therapies. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2019. 3(2): p. 81-85.
  • 7. Cervetti, C., et al. The Classical and Quantum Dynamics of Molecular Spins on Graphene. Nature Materials, 2016. 15: p. 164–168.
  • 8. Ferrari, A.C., et al., Science and Technology Roadmap for Graphene, Related Two-Dimensional Crystals, and Hybrid Systems. Nanoscale, 2015. 7: p. 4598–4810.
  • 9. Memisoglu, G., Gulbahar, B., Fernandez-Bello, R., Preparation and Characterization of Freely-Suspended Graphene Nanomechanical Membrane Devices with Quantum Dots for Point-of-Care Applications. Micromachines, 2020. 11: p. 1–14.
  • 10. Stickler, B.A., and Hornberger, K., Molecular Rotations in Matter-Wave Interferometry. Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 2015. 92: p. 1–8.
  • 11. Bunch, J.S., et al., Impermeable Atomic Membranes from Graphene Sheets. Nano Letters, 2008. 8: p. 2458–2462.
  • 12. Chen, C., et al., Graphene Mechanical Oscillators with Tunable Frequency. Nature Nanotechnology, 2013. 8: p. 923–927.
  • 13. Imamura, G., et al., Graphene Oxide as a Sensing Material for Gas Detection based on Nanomechanical Sensors in the Static Mode. Chemosensors, 2020. 8: p. 1–17.
  • 14. Pezone, R., et al., Sensitive Transfer-Free Wafer-Scale Graphene Microphones. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2022.
  • 15. Standley, B., Bao, W., Zhang, H., Bruck, J., Graphene-Based Atomic-Scale Switches. Nano Letters, 2008. 8: p. 3345–3349.
  • 16. Wu, Z.S., Parvez, K., Feng, X., Müllen, K., Graphene-Based in-Plane Micro-Supercapacitors with High Power and Energy Densities. Nature Communications, 2013. 4.
  • 17. Akyildiz, I.F., and Jornet, J.M. The Internet of Nano-Things. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2010. 17: p. 58–63.
  • 18. Akyildiz, I.F.; Jornet, J.M. Electromagnetic Wireless Nanosensor Networks. Nano Communication Networks, 2010, 1: p. 3–19.
  • 19. Rogers, J., Huang, Y., Schmidt, O.G., Gracias, D.H., Origami MEMS and NEMS. MRS Bulletin, 2016. 41: p. 123–129.
  • 20. Chen, Y., Zhang, B., Liu, G., Zhuang, X., Kang, E.T., Graphene and Its Derivatives: Switching on and Off. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012. 41: p. 4688–4707.
  • 21. Memisoglu, G., and Gulbahar, B. Supercapacitor Assembly for Portable Electronic Devices, and Method of Operating the Same, EPOPatent - EP003422376B1, 2021. p. 1–12.
  • 22. Shiba, K., et al., Functional Nanoparticles-Coated Nanomechanical Sensor Arrays for Machine Learning-Based Quantitative Odor Analysis. ACS Sensors, 2018. 3: p. 1592–1600.
  • 23. Memisoglu, G., and Gulbahar, B. Acousto - Optic Transducer Array and Method, USPatent - US20200068318A1, 2020: p. 1–5.
  • 24. Zande, A.M.V.D., et al., Large-Scale Arrays of Single Layer Graphene Resonators, Nano Letters, 2010. 10(12): p. 4869-4873.
  • 25. Ma, J., Jin, W., Ho, H.L., Dai, J.Y. High-Sensitivity Fiber-Tip Pressure Sensor with Graphene Diaphragm. Optics Letters 2012. 37: p. 2493.
  • 26. Gulbahar, B., and Memisoglu, G. CSSTag: Optical Nanoscale Radar and Particle Tracking for In-Body and Microfluidic Systems with Vibrating Graphene and Resonance Energy Transfer. IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience, 2017. 16(8), p. 905-916.
  • 27. Adhikari, S., Chowdhury, R. Zeptogram Sensing from Gigahertz Vibration: Graphene based Nanosensor. Physica E, 2012. 44: p. 1528–1534.
  • 28. Memisoglu, G. Vibrating FRET based Nanomechanical Sensor Preparation and Characterization for Environmental Monitoring Applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021. 21: p. 3871–3878.
  • 29. Liu, S., et al., Nano-Optomechanical Resonators based Graphene/Au Membrane for Current Sensing. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2022. 40: p. 7200–7207.
  • 30. Liu, S., et al., Nano-Optomechanical Resonators based on Suspended Graphene for Thermal Stress Sensing. Sensors, 2022. 22: p. 9068.
  • 31. Singh, V., et al., Probing Thermal Expansion of Graphene and Modal Dispersion at Low-Temperature Using Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Systems Resonators. Nanotechnology, 2010. 21: p. 165204.
  • 32. Gulbahar, B., and Memisoglu, G. Nanoscale Optical Communications Modulator and Acousto-Optic Transduction with Vibrating Graphene and Resonance Energy Transfer. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2017.
  • 33. Chen, T., et al., Designing Energy-Efficient Separation Membranes: Knowledge from Nature for a Sustainable Future. Advanced Membranes, 2022. 2: p. 100031.
  • 34. Gupta, A., Sakthivel, T., Seal, S. Recent Development in 2D Materials beyond Graphene. Progress in Materials Science, 2015. 73: p. 44–126.
  • 35. Duan, K., Li, L., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Pillared Graphene as an Ultra-High Sensitivity Mass Sensor. Scientific Reports, 2017. 7: p. 1–8.
  • 36. Fletcher, N. Acoustic Systems in Biology; New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1992.
  • 37. Ekinci, K.L., Yang, Y.T., Roukes, M.L., Ultimate Limits to Inertial Mass Sensing based upon Nanoelectromechanical Systems. Journal of Applied Physics, 2004. 95: p. 2682–2689.
  • 38. Liu, Y., Dong, X., Chen, P., Biological and Chemical Sensors Based on Graphene Materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012. 41: p. 2283–2307.
  • 39. Sakhaee-Pour, A., and Ahmadian, M.T., Vafai, A. Applications of Single-Layered Graphene Sheets as Mass Sensors and Atomistic Dust Detectors. Solid State Communications, 2008. 145: p. 168–172.
  • 40. Castellanos-Gomez, A., et al., Deterministic Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials by All-Dry Viscoelastic Stamping. 2D Materials, 2014. 1: p. 1–34.
  • 41. Frisenda, R., et al., Recent Progress in the Assembly of Nanodevices and van Der Waals Heterostructures by Deterministic Placement of 2D Materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018. 47: p. 53–68.
  • 42. Smith, A.D., et al., Piezoresistive Properties of Suspended Graphene Membranes under Uniaxial and Biaxial Strain in Nanoelectromechanical Pressure Sensors. ACS Nano, 2016. 10: p. 9879–9886.
  • 43. Gulbahar, B. Energy Harvesting and Magneto-Inductive Communications with Molecular Magnets on Vibrating Graphene and Biomedical Applications in the KHz to THz Band. IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications, 2017. 3: p. 194–206.
  • 44. Barton, R.A., et al., High, Size-Dependent Quality Factor in an Array of Graphene Mechanical Resonators. Nano Letters, 2011. 11: p. 1232–1236.
  • 45. Chen, Y., et al., Nano-Optomechanical Resonators for Sensitive Pressure Sensing. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2022. 14: p. 39211–39219.
  • 46. Ferrari, A.C., Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphite: Disorder, Electron-Phonon Coupling, Doping and Nonadiabatic Effects. Solid State Communications, 2007. 143: p. 47–57.
  • 47. Ferrari, A.C., et al., Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers. Physical Review Letters, 2006. 97: p. 1–4.
  • 48. Ferrante, C., et al., Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene under Ultrafast Laser Excitation. Nature Communications 2018. 9: p. 1–8.
  • 49. Tahir, N.A.M., et al., Optimisation of Graphene Grown from Solid Waste Using CVD Method. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020. 106: p. 211–218.
  • 50. Eckmann, A., et al., Probing the Nature of Defects in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy. Nano Letters, 2012. 12: p. 3925–3930.
  • 51. Calizo, I., Balandin, A.A., Bao, W., Miao, F., Lau, C.N., Temperature Dependence of the Raman Spectra of Graphene and Graphene Multilayers. Nano Letters, 2007. 7: p. 2645–2649.
  • 52. May, P., et al., Signature of the Two-Dimensional Phonon Dispersion in Graphene Probed by Double-Resonant Raman Scattering. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2013. 87.
  • 53. Alshaikh, M.M., Mica as an Ultra-Flat Substrate for Studying Mechanically Exfoliated Graphene, Swansea University, 2021.
  • 54. Instanano Graphene Number of Layers Calculator From ID/IG and I2D/IG Ratio via Raman Spectroscopy Available online: https://instanano.com/characterization/calculator/raman/graphene-layers/.
  • 55. Mallegni, N., et al., Sensing Devices for Detecting and Processing Acoustic Signals in Healthcare. Biosensors, 2022. 12: p. 835.
  • 56. Memisoglu, G., Gulbahar, B., Zubia, J., Villatoro, J., Theoretical Modeling of Viscosity Monitoring with Vibrating Resonance Energy Transfer for Point-of-Care and Environmental Monitoring Applications. Micromachines, 2018. 10: p. 11.
  • 57. Sachdeva, A., Singh, P.K., Rhee, H.W. Composite Materials Properties, Characterization, and Applications; Amit Sachdeva, Pramod Kumar Singh, H.W.R., Ed.; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2021. ISBN 978-1-003-08063-3.
  • 58. Zhang, H., et al., Graphene-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2022. 197: p. 11–13.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Elektrik Mühendisliği (Diğer), Nanoteknoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gorkem Memısoglu 0000-0002-3229-6702

Proje Numarası 713694
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Ocak 2023
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Memısoglu, G. (2023). Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 7(2), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1230632
AMA Memısoglu G. Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. Ağustos 2023;7(2):79-89. doi:10.35860/iarej.1230632
Chicago Memısoglu, Gorkem. “Graphene-Based Stand-Alone Nanomechanical Membrane Production and Mass-Acoustic Hybrid-Sensor Application”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 7, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 79-89. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1230632.
EndNote Memısoglu G (01 Ağustos 2023) Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 7 2 79–89.
IEEE G. Memısoglu, “Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application”, Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J., c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 79–89, 2023, doi: 10.35860/iarej.1230632.
ISNAD Memısoglu, Gorkem. “Graphene-Based Stand-Alone Nanomechanical Membrane Production and Mass-Acoustic Hybrid-Sensor Application”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 7/2 (Ağustos 2023), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1230632.
JAMA Memısoglu G. Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. 2023;7:79–89.
MLA Memısoglu, Gorkem. “Graphene-Based Stand-Alone Nanomechanical Membrane Production and Mass-Acoustic Hybrid-Sensor Application”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, c. 7, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 79-89, doi:10.35860/iarej.1230632.
Vancouver Memısoglu G. Graphene-based stand-alone nanomechanical membrane production and mass-acoustic hybrid-sensor application. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. 2023;7(2):79-8.



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