The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the educational qualifications of bank personnel on Turkish banks. Within the scope of the study, based on the annual data of 21 banks operating in Turkey during the 2004-2019 period. The factors affecting the non-performing loans of banks have been examined with static panel data analysis methods over five different models. A random effects method was used in the analysis. The results show that Non-Performing Loans and Loan Loss Provisions, which are the credit risk indicators of the bank, decreased with the increase in the ratio of personnel with postgraduate education, which is used as a human capital indicator for banks. It reveals that investment in postgraduate personnel reduces the credit risk of banks by less than 1% and at a level of 5% significance. These results were also corroborated by a sensitivity analysis. However, it has been determined that the level of postgraduate education, which is used as a human capital indicator of banks, does not have a significant relationship with the Z-Score, which is an indicator of bankruptcy risk, and Asset on Equity and Return on Equity, which is an indicator of profitability.
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Awan MAS, Sarfraz N (2013). The Impact of human capital on Company performance and the mediating efect of employee’s satisfaction. IOSR J Bus Managing, 8(2), 76-82. google scholar
Ayaydın, H., Pilatin, A., & Barut, A. (2021). Takipteki Kredilerin Bankaya Özgü, Finansal ve Makroekono-mik Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (33), 169-186. doi: 10.18092/ulikidince.1013685 google scholar
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Beck, R., Jakubik, P., & Piloiu, A. (2015). Key Determinants Of Non-Performing Loans: New Evidence Froma Global Sample. Open Economies Review, 26(3), 525-550. google scholar
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Bu çalışmanın amacı, banka personelinin eğitim niteliklerinin Türk bankaları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında, 2004-2019 döneminde Türkiye’de faaliyette bulunan 21 bankanın yıllık verileri üzerinden bankaların personellerinin eğitim seviyesinin bankaların kredi kalitesine ve finansal performansına etkisi ele alınmıştır. Bankaların takipteki alacaklarını etkileyen faktörler beş farklı model üzerinden statik panel veri analizi yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Analizlerde rassal etkiler yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Sonuçlar, bankalar açısından beşeri sermaye göstergesi olarak kullanılan lisansüstü eğitime sahip personel oranın artmasıyla bankanın kredi risk göstergesi olan NPL ve LLP’nin azaldığını göstermektedir. Lisansüstü yüksek personele yapılan yatırımın bankaların kredi riskini %1'den az ve %5 önem düzeyinde azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuçlar duyarlılık analiziyle de sağlamlaştırılmıştır. Ancak bankaların beşeri sermaye göstergesi olarak kullanılan lisansüstü eğitim düzeyinin bankaların iflas riski göstergesi olan Z-Skor ve kârlılık göstergesi olan ROA ve ROE ile anlamlı bir ilişkisi olmadığı belirlenmiştir.
Abid, L., Ouertani, M.N., & Zouari-Ghorbel, S. (2014). Macroeconomic and Bank Specific Determinants of Household’s Non-Performing Loans in Tunisia: a Dynamic Panel Data. Procedia Economics ve Finance, 13, 58-68. doi: /10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00430-4 google scholar
Absar, M.M.N., Orazalin, N., & Mahmood M (2012). Human capital reporting in emerging economies: a comparative study on the banking sectors of Bangladesh and Kazakhstan. J Acad Bus Econ, 12 (3), 28-35 google scholar
Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail, The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. United States: Crown Publishers. google scholar
Adesina, K.S. (2021). How diversification affects bank performance: The role of human capital. Economic Modelling, 94, 303-319. doi: /10.1016/j.econmod.2020.10.016 google scholar
Aksoy, T., & Donduran, M. (2020). Türk Bankacılığında Rekabet ve İstikrar. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 57(651), 133-147. google scholar
Andersen, J. (2021). Resource orchestration of firm-specific human capital and firm performance—the role of collaborative human resource management and entrepreneurial orientation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(10), 2091-2123. doi: /10.1080/09585192.2019.1579250 google scholar
Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F.O., Seidu, E.Y., & Otaye, L.E. (2016). Developing and leveraging human capital resource to promote service quality: Testing a theory of performance. Journal of management, 42(2), 480-499. google scholar
Awan MAS, Sarfraz N (2013). The Impact of human capital on Company performance and the mediating efect of employee’s satisfaction. IOSR J Bus Managing, 8(2), 76-82. google scholar
Ayaydın, H., Pilatin, A., & Barut, A. (2021). Takipteki Kredilerin Bankaya Özgü, Finansal ve Makroekono-mik Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (33), 169-186. doi: 10.18092/ulikidince.1013685 google scholar
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99120. google scholar
Barro, R.J. and Lee, J.W. (2010). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950-2010. working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, April. google scholar
Baselga-Pascual, L., & Vahamaa, E. (2021). Female leadership and bank performance in Latin Ameri-ca. Emerging Markets Review, 48, 1-20. google scholar
Beck, R., Jakubik, P., & Piloiu, A. (2015). Key Determinants Of Non-Performing Loans: New Evidence Froma Global Sample. Open Economies Review, 26(3), 525-550. google scholar
Beck, T., & Laeven, L. (2006). Resolution of failed banks by deposit insurers: Cross-country evidence. World Bank policy research working paper, 3920. google scholar
Becker, G.S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to educa-tion. University of Chicago press. google scholar
Berger, A., & DeYoung, R. (1997). Problem Loans and Cost Efficiency İn Commercial Banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(6), 849-870. google scholar
Bontis, N., Chua Chong Keow, W., & Richardson, S. (2000). Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(1), 85-100. google scholar
Boyd, J. H., & Graham, S. L. (1986). Risk, regulation, and bank holding company expansion into nonban-king. Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 10. google scholar
Bunda, I., & Desquilbet, J. B. (2008). The bank liquidity smile across exchange rate regimes. International Economic Journal, 22(3), 361-386. google scholar
Calabro, A., Torchia, M., Jimenez, D. G., & Kraus, S. (2021). The role of human capital on family firm in-novativeness: the strategic leadership role of family board members. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(1), 261-287. google scholar
Çelik, M., & Tekşen, Ö. (2021). Does It Matter How to Fund?: A Research on Turkish Deposit Banks. Istan-bul Business Research, 50(2), 359-383. doi: /10.26650/ibr.2021.50.861522 google scholar
Chiaramonte, L., Groci, E., & Poli, F. (2015). Should we trust the Z-score? Evidence from the European banking industry. Glob. Financ. J. 28, 111-131. google scholar
Chowdhury, L.A.M., Rana, T., & Azim, M.I. (2019). Intellectual capital efficiency and organisational per-formance: In the context of the pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 20(6), 784-806. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-10-2018-0171 google scholar
Clarke, T., & Gholamshahi, S. (2018). Developing human capital for knowledge based economies. Innovati-on in the Asia Pacific, Springer, Singapore, pp. 247-270. google scholar
D’Amato, A., & Gallo, A. (2019). Bank institutional setting and risk-taking: the missing role of directors’ education and turnover. Corporate Governance, 19(4), 774-805. google scholar
Diebolt, C. & Hippe, R. (2019). The Long-Run Impact of Human Capital on Innovation and Economic Develop-ment in The Regions of Europe. Applied Economics, 51(5), 542-563. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1495820 google scholar
Dimitrios, A., Helen, L., & Mike, T. (2016). Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Euro-Area Countries. Finance Research Letters, 18, 116-119. google scholar
Drucker, P. (1993), Post-capitalist Society, Harper Business, New York. NY. google scholar
Ellul, A., & Yerramilli, V., (2013). Stronger risk controls, lower risk: evidence from U.S. bank holding com-panies. J. Financ. 68(5), 1757-1803. google scholar
Espinoza, R., & Prasad, A. (2010). Nonperforming Loans in the GCC Banking System and Their Macroeco-nomic Effects. IMF Working Paper WP/10/224. Washington: International Monetary Fund. google scholar
Firer, S., & Williams, S.M. (2003). Intellectual capital and traditional measures of corporate performan-ce. Journal of intellectual capital. google scholar
Fukuyama, H., & Matousek, R. (2011). Efficiency Of Turkish Banking: Two-Stage Network System. Variab-le Returns To Scale Model. J. Int. Financ. Mark. Inst. Money 21(1), 75-91. google scholar
Garaa-Meca, E., Garüa-Sânchez, I.-M., & Martmez-Ferrero, J. (2015). Board diversity and its effect on bank performance: An international analysis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 53, 202-214. google scholar
Ghosh, A. (2015). Banking-İndustry Specific and Regional Economic Determinants Of Non-Performing Loans: Evidence From US States. J. Financ. Stab., 20, 93-104. google scholar
Githaiga, P.N. (2020). Human capital, income diversification and bank performance-an empirical study of East African banks. Asian Journal of Accounting Research. 6(1), 95-108. doi: 10.1108/AJAR-06-2020-0041 google scholar
Goddard, J., Molyneux, P. & Wilson, J. (2004). Dynamics of growth and profitability in banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 36(6), 1069-1090. google scholar
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