Anayasa ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 78 Sayı: 4, 1921 - 1957, 13.02.2021

Oya Boyar

https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2020.78.4.0007

Öz

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hukuk alanında kavramsal olarak ilk defa uluslararası hukukta kullanılmış ve onun tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Bu kavram uluslararası belgelerde genellikle bir soft law meselesi olarak ele alınmıştır. Bununla birlikte sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın özel unsurlarını düzenleyen azımsanmayacak sayıda hard law belgesi de bulunmaktadır. Kavram 1980’li yılların sonundan itibaren anayasalarda yerini bulmaya başlamıştır. Aslında sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın referans yaptığı konular, anayasa içinde yer alan hususlardır. Ancak 80’lerin sonundan itibaren başlayan bu dönüşümün anayasacılık açısından farklı bir anlamı vardır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma insanın, diğer insanlarla, toplumla ve devletle kurduğu ilişki biçimini değiştirmektedir. Bu değişim, kavramın gerektirdiği haklar, ödevler ve yükümlülükler incelenerek gözlemlenebilir. Bu değişim anayasacılığın devlet-birey ikiliği üzerine temellenmiş olan eski ilişki modelinde dönüştürücü bir etki yaratmıştır. Anayasacılığın asli amacı bireylerin anayasal haklarının korunması için devlet iktidarının sınırlandırılması olarak düşünüldüğünde, bu ikilik sorunsuz biçimde işlemektedir. Ancak anayasacılığın işlevi artık bu eşit olmayan ilişkiyle sınırlı değildir. Kavram beraberinde “hep birlikte gezegen üstünde hayatta kalma” anlayışını getirerek, anayasacılığın işlevlerini yeniden inşa etmekte ve çeşitlendirmektedir. Bu kavram daha sorumlu vatandaşları daha sorumlu şirketleri beraberinde getirmektedir. Devlet artık anayasanın tek muhatabı değildir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı anayasal ilişkilerin de özelleşmesine neden olmaktadır. 1982 Anayasasının metninde sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı kullanılmamış olsa da, Anayasa bu kavramın üç ayağına sistematik olarak referans yapmaktadır. Anayasa kalkınma planlarını sürdürülebilirliğin üç ayağının etkili bir biçimde gerçekleştirilmesi ve entegrasyonu için öngörmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anayasa, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Soft Law, Çevre, Sosyal Adalet, Ekonomik Kalkınma, Kuşaklar Arası Adalet, Kuşak İçi Adalet, Dayanışma

Destekleyen Kurum

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

Constitution and Sustainable Development

Öz

In the legal framework, sustainable development as a concept was firstly used and elaborated upon in international law. The concept has generally been treated as a matter of soft law by international instruments. However there is also non-negligible number of hard law documents that regulate specific elements of sustainable development. The concept had begun to find its place in the constitutions by the late 1980’s. In fact, the issues that the concept of sustainable development refers to were already regulated by national constitutions. However, the concept of sustainable development brought up a meaning different to that which was regulated by the constitution before. Sustainable development changes the way people relate to other people, society and the state. This shift can be observed by analysing the rights, duties and obligations that the concept imposes. This shift caused a transformative effect on constitutionalism’s old model of relationships based entirely on the state-individual dichotomy. This dichotomy functions when the primordial aim of constitutionalism is considered as the limitation of government authority for the protection of constitutional rights of the individuals. However the function of constitutionalism is no longer limited to this unequal relationship. The concept reconstructs and diversifies the functions of constitutionalism by perpetuating the conception of “common survival in the planet”. This conception requires more responsible citizens and much more responsible enterprises. The state is no longer the sole debtor of the constitution. Sustainable development imposes a privatization of constitutional relations. Despite the absence of the concept in the wording of the Turkish Constitution of 1982, Constitution refers systematically to the three pillars of sustainable development. The Constitution envisaged development plans as to the effective realisation and integration of the three pillars of sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Constitution, Sustainable Development, Soft Law, Environment, Social Justice, Economic Development, Intergenerational Justice, Intra-Generational Justice, Solidarity

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