A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
The environmental impacts of fossil fuels and their impending depletion in the near future are bringing renewable energy sources to the forefront. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and can be used alone or blended with diesel fuel. In this study, the effect of biodiesel obtained from pinecones on engine performance and emissions was examined, and tests were conducted on a diesel engine with loads ranging from 500 to 2500 W by blending it with diesel fuel at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. To determine the optimal conditions while reducing the number of experiments and saving time and money, optimization was performed using the response surface methodology (RSM), selecting engine load and biodiesel ratio as input parameters. A biodiesel ratio of 18.50% and an engine load of 1315 W provided the optimal conditions, and under these conditions, the response parameters of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) engine performance values and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were obtained as 19.91%, 401.31 g/kWh, 0.0548%, 16.90 ppm, 4.87%, and 463.86 ppm, respectively. Pinecone biodiesel can be effectively used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines, especially at mixture ratios around 20%, reducing HC and CO emissions while maintaining acceptable performance levels.
Ethical Statement
This study was supported by KARABUK UNIVERSITY in frame of project code of KBÜBAP-24-ABP-031
Supporting Institution
KARABUK UNIVERSITY
Project Number
KBÜBAP-24-ABP-031
Thanks
As researcher, I thank the KARABUK UNIVERSITY/TURKEY.
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | KBÜBAP-24-ABP-031 |
| Submission Date | November 26, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | February 12, 2026 |
| Publication Date | February 26, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1830697 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA88EM68TE |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
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[1] Setiyo M, Waluyo B. Mixer with Secondary Venturi: An Invention for the First-Generation LPG Kits. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):21–26.
[2] Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS. Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;95:115–124.
[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.
[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.
[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.
[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.
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M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Main research topics:
• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.
Current research interests:
• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.
Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.
He is a member of SAE International.
Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers.
Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.
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International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey
