Multicriteria Optimization of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel, Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil and Waste Transformer Oil Ternary Blends Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
This study aims to experimentally investigate the effects of fuel mixtures containing waste transformer oil (WTRO) and waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a single-cylinder diesel engine and to determine the most suitable operating conditions using response surface methodology (RSM)-based multicriteria optimization. Experiments were conducted at different engine speeds between 1200 and 2400 rpm. In addition to pure diesel (D100) as fuel, binary and ternary mixtures such as WTRO30, WTRO10WTPO20, WTRO20WTPO10, and WTPO30 were used. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions were measured as the main response parameters. Second-order RSM models were created by considering engine speed and fuel mixture ratios as independent factors. The best operating point was selected using a multi-criteria desirability score function to optimize multiple performance and emission targets simultaneously. According to the main findings, the optimum operating conditions were determined to be an engine speed of approximately 1900 rpm and a fuel mixture with a WTRO ratio of 17.50% and a WTPO ratio of 12.50%. The values predicted by the model at this optimum point were: 22.00% for BTE, 396.79 g/kWh for BSFC, 7287 ppm for CO emission, and 471 ppm for total NOx emission. The results showed that the optimization algorithm minimizes emissions by pulling the engine speed to a medium-high level (1900 rpm) while keeping the total waste oil ratio at the maximum level of 30% within the constraints. Under the tested steady-state conditions, the WTRO-WTPO ternary blend demonstrated promising short-term operability as a fuel alternative for diesel engines without requiring immediate modifications to the engine setup, accompanied by slight improvements in output parameters.
Keywords
Diesel engine Waste transformer oil Waste tire pyrolysis oil Alternative fuel Response Surface Method Optimization Emissions
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | February 13, 2026 |
| Acceptance Date | March 26, 2026 |
| Publication Date | March 27, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1888700 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA98WY86KX |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
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[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.
[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.
[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.
[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.
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Authors must acknowledge the work of others appropriately. Relevant prior studies should be cited fairly and accurately. Citation manipulation, excessive self-citation, coercive citation, or citation of irrelevant sources solely to influence metrics is unethical.
3.7 Funding and Conflict of Interest Disclosure
Authors must clearly disclose all sources of funding, financial support, project sponsorship, and any relationships or interests that could influence, or appear to influence, the interpretation of the results. Examples include employment, consultancy, stock ownership, patents, paid expert testimony, grants, and institutional affiliations.
If no conflict of interest exists, authors should explicitly state that there is no conflict of interest.
3.8 Ethical Approval for Research Involving Humans or Animals
If the study involves human participants, human data, human samples, surveys, driver behavior experiments, ergonomic assessments, medical information, or any research requiring ethical oversight, the manuscript must include the name of the ethics committee/institutional review board, approval number, and approval date where applicable.
If the study involves animals, authors must confirm that all applicable institutional, national, and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed and that necessary approvals were obtained.
Where informed consent is required, authors must confirm that informed consent was obtained.
3.9 Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools
If generative AI or AI-assisted tools are used in the preparation of the manuscript, authors must disclose this use transparently and explain how the tools were used. AI tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot take responsibility for the work. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, validity, and ethical integrity of all submitted content.
3.10 Copyright, Permissions, and Reuse
Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission for any copyrighted material reused in the manuscript, including figures, tables, photographs, or substantial text passages, where permission is required. Appropriate acknowledgments must be included in the manuscript.
3.11 Corrections After Publication
If authors discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their submitted, accepted, or published work, they must promptly notify the editorial office and cooperate fully in correcting or retracting the article where necessary.
4. Duties and Responsibilities of Reviewers
4.1 Contribution to Editorial Decisions
Reviewers assist editors in making editorial decisions and help authors improve the quality of their manuscripts through constructive, scholarly, and objective feedback.
4.2 Competence and Timeliness
Reviewers should accept review assignments only if the manuscript falls within their area of expertise and they can complete the review within the requested time. If a reviewer feels unqualified or unavailable, the editor should be informed immediately.
4.3 Confidentiality
Manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Reviewers must not share, discuss, copy, use, or distribute the manuscript or its contents for personal, academic, or commercial advantage.
4.4 Objectivity and Professionalism
Reviews must be objective, respectful, evidence-based, and constructive. Personal criticism of authors is inappropriate. Reviewers should clearly explain their evaluations and support their recommendations with reasoned arguments.
4.5 Identification of Relevant Sources
Reviewers should identify important published work relevant to the manuscript that has not been cited by the authors. Reviewers should also alert the editor to any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under review and any other work of which they are aware.
4.6 Conflict of Interest
Reviewers must decline to review manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest arising from personal relationships, institutional connections, direct competition, collaboration, or financial interests.
5. Duties and Responsibilities of the Publisher
The publisher supports the editorial process but does not interfere with editorial decisions. The publisher is committed to safeguarding editorial independence, supporting ethical publishing practices, and ensuring that suspected misconduct is handled appropriately and transparently.
6. Complaints, Appeals, and Allegations of Misconduct
IJASTECH takes all complaints and allegations of misconduct seriously, whether they arise before or after publication. Complaints may relate to editorial decisions, peer review, plagiarism, data integrity, authorship, conflicts of interest, citation manipulation, ethical approval, or any other ethical concern.
Such cases will be evaluated by the editorial office and, where necessary, by the Editor-in-Chief and publisher in accordance with journal policies and recognized ethical guidance. Additional documents, explanations, or institutional clarification may be requested.
Authors may appeal editorial decisions when they believe a serious procedural or scientific misunderstanding has occurred. Appeals must be reasoned, evidence-based, and submitted in writing.
7. Actions in Cases of Ethical Violations
If misconduct or serious ethical violations are identified, IJASTECH reserves the right to take one or more of the following actions:
- reject the manuscript,
- return the manuscript for clarification,
- suspend editorial evaluation,
- inform the authors’ institution(s) or funding body,
- publish a correction,
- publish an expression of concern,
- retract the article,
- restrict future submissions from the responsible party for a defined period,
- or take any other measure deemed necessary to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.
8. Post-Publication Responsibility
Publication does not end ethical responsibility. Authors, reviewers, editors, and readers are encouraged to notify the journal if they identify significant errors, ethical concerns, or misconduct in published work. IJASTECH is committed to evaluating such notifications fairly and transparently.
9. Final Statement
All parties involved in the publication process of IJASTECH are expected to comply with this policy. Submission of a manuscript to the journal implies that the authors agree to these ethical standards and accept the journal’s procedures for editorial assessment, peer review, and the handling of potential misconduct.
Price Policy
The Journal aim to publish extensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries about automotive science and technology. Papers will be freely accessible online without any subscriptions and restrictions to researchers worldwide. Original research papers, review papers, letter to the editor, case reports, short communications are welcome for publishing without any publishing or submission payment.
Indexes
Citation Indexes
Journal Boards
Editor in Chief
Co-Editor in Chief
Section Editors
M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Main research topics:
• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.
Current research interests:
• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.
Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.
He is a member of SAE International.
Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers.
Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.
Editorial Board
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey
