Domain-specific approach to grit: A scale adaptation in the context of Turkish as a foreign language

Abstract

This study aims to adapt and validate the L2 Grit Scale for the Turkish as a foreign language context. Data were collected from four distinct sample groups (N = 658) of university preparatory program students using a convenience sampling method. The adaptation process involved a back-translation procedure with two translators and an ELT expert, followed by a pilot test and linguistic equivalence confirmation. Validity analyses confirmed the two-factor structure through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (CFI = .96, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .03) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) (CFI = .97, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .02). Convergent validity was supported by satisfactory average variance extracted (AVE > .53) and composite reliability (CR > .83) values. Furthermore, L2 Grit emerged as a stronger predictor of willingness to communicate in Turkish (WTC) than general Grit, emphasizing its distinct role in language learning motivation. The scale’s validity was further confirmed by significant correlations with foreign language enjoyment (FLE), willingness to communicate (WTC), foreign language peace of mind (FLPOM), and foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA). Additionally, L2 Grit demonstrated a significant relationship with students’ exam scores, confirming its relevance in assessing perseverance and success in language learning. Measurement invariance was established across proficiency levels and genders. Reliability analyses indicated strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .76, McDonald’s ω = .77). The results demonstrate that the Turkish version of the L2 Grit Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for learners of Turkish as a foreign language.

Keywords

• L2 grit
• Turkish as a foreign language
• Scale adaptation
• Criterion validity
• Measurement invariance

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