The Effect of Social Support on Work-Life Balance: the Role of Psychological Well-Being

Abstract

Objective: This research was conducted to determine the relationships between psychologıcal well-beıng, socıal support, and work-lıfe balance and the mediating effect of psychologıcal well-beıng on the relationship between socıal support and work-lıfe balance. Methods: Data were collected from a convenience sample of 277 participants. Data analysis was done with regression and Pearson correlation coefficient. Regression-based mediation analysis developed by Hayes (2013) was used to examine the mediation effect of psychologıcal well-beıng. Results: Work-life balance is negatively related to social support (r= -.51) and, positively related to psychological well-being (r=.50). As a result of the mediation analysis based on regression to determine the mediating effects, it was concluded that psychologıcal well-being had a mediating effect on the relationship between socıal support and work-lıfe balance. The bootstrapped (10000) method was used to determine whether the mediation analysis was significant. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the inverse relationship between social support and work-lıfe balance is at least partly explained by the level of psychologıcal well-being.

Keywords

• work-lıfe balance
• socıal support
• psychologıcal well-beıng

References

1. Abadi, M. B. H., Taban, E., Khanjani, N., Konjin, Z. N., Khajehnasiri, F., & Samaei, S. E. (2021). Relationships between job satisfaction and job demand, job control, social support, and depression in Iranian nurses. Journal of Nursing Research, 29(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000410
2. Abay-Alyüz, S.B. (2020). Sosyal desteğin birey yaşamında önemi ve sosyal hizmet. Journal of Education in Muslim Societies and Communıties, 4(1), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.37344/talim.2020.4
3. Acar, Z. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarının hakları ve hak arama yolları (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisan tezi). Kadir Has Üniversitesi.
4. Altıok-GÜREL, P. A. (2018). İş-yaşam dengesini sağlayan faktörlerin kadın akademisyenler için belirlenmesi: lojistik regresyon analizi. Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16, 31-44.
5. Altun-Dilek, S. ve YILMAZ, K. (2016). Öğretmenlerin işkoliklik eğilimleri ile iş-yaşam dengeleri. e-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 3(1), 36-55.
6. Ardahan, M. (2006). Social support and the nursing. Journal of Atatürk University School Nurse, 9(2), 68-75.
7. Ballıca, S. (2010). Relationship between employees’ work-family balance and gender roles perception and personel characteristics: A study at a large scale firm [Unpublished master’s dissertation], Çukurova University.
8. Bartels, M. (2015). Genetics of wellbeing and ıts components satisfaction with life, happiness, and quality of life: A review and meta-analysis of heritability studies behavior genetics. Springer. Behavior Genetics, 45, 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-015-9713-y

9. Ben-David, A., & Leichtentritt, R. (1999). Ethiopian and Israeli student’s adjustment to collage: The effect of the family, social support and individual coping styles. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30(2), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.30.2.297
10. Blyton, P., & Noon, M. (2007). The Realities of Work: Experiencing work and employment in contemporary society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
11. Brooks, S. K., Dunn, R., Amlôt, R., Rubin, G. J., & Greenberg, N. (2018). A systematic, thematic review of social and occupational factors associated with psychological outcomes in healthcare employees during an infectious disease outbreak. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(3), 248-257.https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001235
12. Bruffaerts, R., Voorspoels, W., Jansen, L., Kessler, R. C., Mortier, P., Vilagut, G., Vocht, J. D., & Alonso, J. (2021). Suicidality among health care professionals during the first COVID19 wave. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.013
13. Carol, D., Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B.H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
14. Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
15. Çankır, B. ve Yener, S. (2017). İş’te pozitif davranış. Çizgi Kitabevi.
16. Clair, R., Gordon, M., Kroon, M., & Reilly, C. (2021). The effects of social isolation on well-being and life satisfaction during pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00710-3
17. Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, G. D., & Walker, R. R. (1991). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: A confirmation study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(6), 756-761. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
18. De Kock, J. H., Latham, H. A., Leslie, S. J., Grindle, M., Munoz, S. A., Ellis, L., ... & O’Malley, C. M. (2021). A rapid review of the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of health care workers: Implications for supporting psychological well-being. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10070-3
19. Demiral, Y., Ünal, B., Kılıç, B., Soysal, A., Bilgin, A. C., Uçku, R., & Theorell, T. (2007). İş stresi ölçeğinin İzmir Konak Belediyesi’nde çalışan erkek işçilerde geçerlik ve güvenilirliğinin incelenmesi. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(1), 11-18.
20. Ekinci, H. ve Sabancı, A. (2020). Okul müdürlerinin soruşturma görevlerini yerine getirirken karşılaştıkları sorunlar. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 39(1), 138-154.
21. Fisher, C. D. (1985). Social support and adjustment to work: A longitudinal study. Journal of Management, 11(3), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638501100304
22. Frone, M., & Mary, C. (1992). Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(7), 728-729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130708
23. Ghorbani, M. (2003). Work/life balance challenges and solutions. Challenges and Solutions, SHRM Research, USA. Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041002005
24. Hansen, Å. M., Larsen, A. D., Rugulies, R., Garde, A. H., & Knudsen, L. E. (2009). A review of the effect of the psychosocial working environment on physiological changes in blood and urine. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 105(2), 73-83.
25. Hellfeldt, K., López-Romero, L., & Andershed, H. (2020). Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: the potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010045
26. Hogan, B. E., Linden, W., & Najarian, B. (2002). Social support interventions: do they work?. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(3), 381-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00102-7
27. Holland, K. D., & Holahan, C. K. (2003). The relation of social support and coping to positive adaptation to breast cancer. Psychology and Health, 18, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044031000080656
28. Joseph, B. & Joseph, M. (2016). The health of the health care workers. The Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 20(2), 71-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.197518
29. Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Work–life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management & Organization, 14(3), 323-327. https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.323
30. Karasek Jr, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308.
31. Karatepe, O. M., & Baddar, L. (2006). An empirical study of the selected consequences of frontline employees’ work–family conflict and family–work conflict. Tourism Management, 27(5), 1017-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.024
32. Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
33. Kurt, M. E. (2016) Opinions of health workers about work place: an example of bısmıl publıc hospıtal. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 1(2), 36-45.
34. Lambert, E. G., Altheimer, I., & Hogan, N. L. (2010). Exploring the relationship between social support and job burnout among correctional staff. Criminal justice and behavior, 37(11), 1217-1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810379552
35. Lambert, L., Passmore, H.-A., & Holder, M. D. (2015). Foundational frameworks of positive psychology: Mapping well-being orientations. Canadian Psychology, 56(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000033
36. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Altheimer, I. (2009). The association between work-family conflict and job burnout among correctional staff: a preliminary study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-009-9067-1
37. Lancee, W. J., Maunder, R. G., & Goldbloom, D. S. (2008). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services, 59(1), 91-95.
38. Lirio, P., Lituchy, T. R., Monserrat, S. I., Olivas‐Lujan, M. R., Duffy, J. A., Fox, S., Gregory, A., Punnett, B. J., & Santos, N. (2007). Exploring career‐life success and family social support of successful women in Canada, Argentina and Mexico. Career Development International, 12(1), 28-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430710724811
39. Losyk, B. (2006). Sakin ol sinirlerine hâkim ol. Acar Basımevi.
40. Malkoç, A., & Yalçın, I. (2015). Relationships among resilience, social support, coping, and psychological well-being among university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(43), 35-43.
41. Marcinkus, W., Whelan‐Berry, K. S., & Gordon, J. R. (2007). The relationship of social support to the work-family balance and work outcomes of mid-life women, Women in Management Review, 22(2), 86-111.https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420710732060
42. McNeill, A., Harris, P. R., & Briggs, P. (2016). Twitter influence on UK vaccination and antiviral uptake during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 4(26). 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00026
43. Mohanty, A., Kabi, A., & Mohanty, A. P. (2019). Health problems in healthcare workers: A review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(8), 2568-2572. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_431_19
44. Netenmeyer, R. G., Alejandro, T. B. & Boles, J. S. (2004). A cross-national model of job-related outcomes of work role and family role variables: A retail sales context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303259128
45. Negussie, N., & Kaur, G. (2016). The effect of job demand-control-social support model on nurses’ job satisfaction in specialized teaching hospitals, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 26(4), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v26i4.3
46. Paoline, E. A., Lambert, E. G., & Hogan, N. L. (2015). Job stress and job satisfaction among jail staff: Exploring gendered effects. Women & Criminal Justice, 25(5), 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2014.989302
47. Pfingstmann, G., & Baumann, U. (1987). Social network and social support research method. Journal of Differential and Diagnostic Psychology, 8, 75-98.
48. Özafşarlıoğlu, S., & Kılıç, R. (2013). Örgütlerde stres kaynaklarının çalışanların iş-aile çatışması üzerine etkisi. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(3), 208-237.
49. Özbezek, D.B., Paksoy, H.H., Çopuroğlu, F. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemi döneminde sağlık çalışanlarının sosyal destek algılarının tükenmişlik düzeyine etkisi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11, 413-434. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.951414
50. Özutku, H. (2019). Tükenmişliğin iş yaşam dengesi ve çalışan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisi: Banka çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 36, 165-182. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.447925
51. Palabıyık, N., & İşözen, H. (2021). İş yaşam dengesi ve iş doyumu hastane çalışanları örneği. Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4(4), 309-325.
52. Pozgar, G. D. (2019). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
53. Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2010). The relation of perceived and received social support to mental health among first responders: A meta‐analytic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3), 403-417. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20371
54. Quick, J. C., Wright, T. A., Adkins, J. A., Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. D. (2013). Organizational consequences of stress. In J. C. Quick, T. A. Wright, J. A. Adkins, D. L. Nelson, & J. D. Quick (Eds.), Preventive stress management in organizations (pp. 73–86). American Psychological Association.
55. Quick, J. C., Nelson, J. D., & Hurrel, D. L. (1997). Preventive stress management in organizations. American Psychological Association.
56. Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. K., & Wissing, M. P. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(4), 212-218.https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300403
57. Ryff, C. D., Magee, J. W., Kling, C. K., & Wing, H. E. (1999). Forging macro-micro linkages int he studies of psychological well-being. In C. D. Ryff & J. W. Magee (Eds.), The self and society in aging procesess (pp. 247-278). Springer Publishing Company.
58. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
59. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Beyond ponce de leonand life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12(1), 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
60. Sanders, K. (2006). Reducing work family conflict through different sources of social support, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 462-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.07.005
61. Sargent, L. (2000). The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model. Work & Stress,14(3), 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370010025568
62. Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C., & Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 55–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703
63. Santrock, J. W. (2017). Ergenlik. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
64. Sen, C., & Hooja, H. (2018). Work-life balance: an overview. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research, 7(1), 1-6.
65. SolIbarra-Rovillard, M. & Kuiper, N. A. (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.005
66. Szkody, E., & McKinney, C. (2019). Stress-buffering effects of social support on depressive problems: Perceived vs. received social support and moderation by parental depressive problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 2209–2219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01437-1
67. Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
68. Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 189–214). Oxford University Press.
69. Vinokur, A. D., Pierce, P. F., & Buck, C. L. (1999). Work–family conflicts of women in the Air Force: Their influence on mental health and functioning. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(6), 865-878.
70. Wallace, D. S., Paulson, R. Bond, C. F., & Lord, C. G. (2005). Pressure and perceived difficulty. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 214-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.214
71. Wang, L., Tao, H., Bowers, B.J., Brown, R., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Influence of social support and self-efficacy on resilience of early career registered nurses. West J Nurs Res, 40(5), 648-664. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916685712
72. WHO. (2022). Constitution of the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution
73. Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
74. Yüncü, V. ve Yılan, Y. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin sağlık çalışanlarına etkilerinin incelenmesi: Bir durum analizi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (EK SAYI (2020)), 373-402.
75. Zhang, C., Yang, L., Liu, S., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., ... & Zhang, B. (2020). Survey of in somnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff in volved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 306-316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306