Source identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of İstanbul

Abstract

In this study, İstanbul-Tuzla Region atmosphere is selected as the working area because of this region contains shipyards and shipyard-related side product industries. To examine the PAHs as atmospheric inputs, 46 ambient air samples were collected in Tuzla region of Istanbul, Turkey at 2010. The sample collection was carried out as monthly. Additionally, the volume of the air was drawn and meteorological data recorded. The PAH concentrations were classified as hot and cold season samples. Due to the particle-bond character of PAHs and condensation in cold, the high concentrations were encountered in winter months. Monthly average total PAH concentrations fluctuated between 7.4 ng m-3 (in March)-0.05 ng m-3 (in August). The concentrations of total PAHs in cold season were almost hundred times higher than those in hot season. The fossil fuel (gasoline and diesel fuel) combustion was found to be the main source of PAHs.  

Keywords

• Atmospheric pollution,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH),aerosol,İstanbul

References

1. Alp K, Hanedar A (2008) İstanbul atmosferinde polisiklik hidrokarbon (PAH) konsantrasyonu: 2006-2007 peryodu, Kent Yönetimi, İnsan ve Çevre Sorunları’08 Sempozyumu, 02-06 Kasım 2008, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi- İSTAÇ 321-328.
2. Aslan, O. and Akyürek, Ö. (2018). Spatial Modelling of Air Pollution from PM10 and SO2 concentrations during Winter Season in Marmara Region: 2013-2014. IJEGEO 5(1): 1-16.
3. Azimi S, Rocher V, Muller M, Moilleron RR, Thevont DR (2005) Sources, distribution and variability of hydrocarbons and metals in atmospheric deposition in an urban area (Paris, France). Science of the Total Environment 337: 223-239.
4. Bi X, Sheng G, Peng P, Chen, Y, Zang Z, Fu K (2003) Distribution of particulate- and vapor-phase n-alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocompounds in urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environmoint 37: 289-298.
5. Bin Liu L, Hashi Y, Liu M, Wei Y, Ming Lin J (2007) Determination of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons in urban air of Beijing by GC/MS. Analytical Sciences Vol. 23.
6. Bourotte C, Forti MC, Taniguchi S, Bicego MC, Lotufo PA (2005) A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in Sao Paulo city, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment 39: 3799-3811.
7. Bull K (2003) Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Trans boundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants: The 1998 Agreement for the UNECE Region, Geneva.
8. Burak, S., Ünlü, S. and Gazioğlu, C. (2009). Environmental stress created by chemical pollution in the Marmara Sea (Turkey). Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 21(4). 3166-3174.Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 3, Part O, Persistent Organic Pollutants. (ed. By H. Fiedler). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

9. Chantara S, Sanghan W (2009) Sensitive analytical method for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A case study in Chang Mai, Thailand. Science Asia 35: 42-48.Chester R (1990) Marine Geochemstry. Unwin. Hyman Ltd, London.
10. Dallarosa JB, Teixeira EC, Pires M, Farchel J (2005) Study of the profile of polycyclic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particles (PM10) using multivariate methods. Atmospheric Environment 39: 6587-6596.
11. EPA Environment Protect Agency, 2003. Standard Methods, 5030C.
12. EPA Environment Protect Agency, 2003. Standard Methods, 3620B
13. Esen F, Taşdemir Y, Vardar N (2008) Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey. Atmospheric Research 88: 243-255.
14. Fang GC, Chang K, Lu C, Bai H (2004) Estimation of PAH’s dry deposition and BaP Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) study at urban, industry park and rural sampling sites in Central Taiwan, Taichung, Chemosphere 55: 787-796.
15. Fang GC, Wu YS, Chen MH, Ho TT, Huang SH, Rau JY (2004) Polyaromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002-2003. Atmospheric Environment 38: 3385-3391.
16. Gaga EO, Tuncel SG (2003) Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ankara precipitation. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 3:127-134.
17. Henner P, Schiavion M, Morel JL, Lichtouse E (1997) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) occurrence and remediation methods. Analuis Magazine 25:56-59.
18. Khalli NR, Scheff PA, Holsen TM (1995) PAHs source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engineers, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment 29:533-542.
19. Li CK, Kamens RM (1993) The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources signatures in receptor modeling. Atmospheric Environment 159:185-200.
20. Liu G, Tong Y, Luong JH, Zhang H, Sun H (2010) A source study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shenzhen, South China. Environ Monit Asses 163:599-606.
21. Liu Y, Liu L, Lin JM, Tang N, Hayakawa K (2006) Distribution and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in airborne particulates of East Asia, China. Particuology 4(6):283-296.
22. Liu X, Zhang G, Jones KC, Li X, Peng X, Qi S (2005) Compositional fractionation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in moses (hypnum plumaeformea WILS) from the Nanling Mountains, South China. Atmospheric Environment 39:5490-5499.
23. Liu WX, Dou H, Wei ZC, Chang B, Qiu WX, Liu Y, Tao S (2009) Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China. Science of the Total Environment 407:1436-1446.
24. Mastral AM, Callen MS (2000) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environmental Science and Technology 34:3051-3057.
25. Nispet C, Lagoy P (1992) Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology16:290-300.
26. Panther BC, Hooper MA, Tapper NJ (1999) A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments. Atmospheric Environment 33:4087-4099.
27. Pekey B, Karakaş D, Ayberk S (2007) Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydro compounds to İzmit Bay, Turkey. Chemosphere 67:537-547.
28. Sharma H, Jain VK, Khan ZH (2007) Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Delhi, Chemosphere 66:302-310.
29. Shen Z, Ha Y, Cao J, Tian J, Zhu C, Liu S, Liu P, Wang Y (2010). Characteristics of traffic-related emissions: A case study in roadside ambient air over Xi’an, China, Aerosol Air Quality Researh 10:292-300.
30. Skarek M, Cupr P, Bartos J, Kohoutek J, Klanova I, Holubek I (2007) A combined approach to the evaluation of organic air pollution- A case study of urban air in Sarejevo and Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Science of the Total Environment 384:182-193.
31. Sarrazin L, Diana C, Wafo E, Pichard-Lagadec V, Schembri T, Monod J (2007) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine, brackish, and river sediments by HPLC, Following Ultrasonic Extraction 29:1: 69-85.
32. Sisovic A, Belsic A, Sega K, Vadjic V (2008) PAH mass concentrations measured in PM10 particle fraction. Environmental International 34:580-584.
33. Tan JH, Bi XH, Duan JC, Rahn KA, Sheng GY, Fu JM (2006) Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Research 80:250-262.
34. US EPA Environment Protect Agency, 2003. Standard Methods, 5030C.
35. Wai Fon TY, Noriatsu O, Hiroshi S (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol of Higashi Hiroshima, Japan: Pollution scenario and source identification, Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
36. Wang G, Huang L, Zhao X, Niu H, Dai, Z (2006) Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of atmospheric aerosols in five locations of Nanjing urban area, China, Atmospheric Research 81:54-66.
37. WHO, World Health Organization (1989) IARC Monographs (Vol. 46). Lyon. France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 41–155.
38. WHO Regional Office for Europe (2000) Air quality guidelines. Second edition. Copenhagen, Denmark