Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System

Ertan Adanaş; Şehnaz Nigar Çelik

doi:10.63612/ijesp.1703869

Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System

Abstract

In this study, it is aimed to develop a scale that enables teachers to evaluate the Turkish education system through the lens of critical pedagogy principles and to use this scale to assess the system accordingly. A secondary objective of the research is to examine whether teachers' evaluations differ based on factors such as educational attainment and years of professional experience. The study employs a descriptive survey design, and data were collected during the 2023–2024 academic year from teachers working in public and private primary, secondary, and high schools located in the central districts of Van province. A non-probability, purposive sampling method was used to select participants. Within the scope of the study, a “Critical Pedagogy Scale” was developed. During the pilot phase, the scale was administered to 215 teachers, while in the final implementation, it was administered to 615 teachers. As part of the validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding a three-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the three-factor structure demonstrated good model fit indices. For reliability, item analysis was conducted, and Cronbach’s alpha as well as test-retest reliability coefficients were calculated. The findings indicated that the scale possesses acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Based on the data obtained from the developed scale, it was found that teachers with postgraduate degrees and those with longer professional experience perceived the Turkish education system as being less aligned with critical pedagogy principles compared to their counterparts with only undergraduate degrees and fewer years of experience. Overall, teachers evaluated the Turkish education system as moderately aligned with the principles of critical pedagogy. Postgraduate and more experienced teachers were more critical of the system’s adherence to these pedagogical principles.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee permission for this study was obtained with the decision of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Ethics Committee dated 05.12.2023 and numbered E-85157263-604.01.02-452887

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Scale Development, Philosophical and Social Foundations of Education

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ertan Adanaş
0000-0002-2812-377X
Türkiye

Şehnaz Nigar Çelik ^*
0000-0001-9949-0668
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

July 14, 2025

Publication Date

November 19, 2025

Submission Date

May 22, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 11, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 6 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1703869

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA83FG56SD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Adanaş, E., & Nigar Çelik, Ş. (2025). Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy, 6(2), 259-289. https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1703869

AMA

1.Adanaş E, Nigar Çelik Ş. Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System. IJESP. 2025;6(2):259-289. doi:10.63612/ijesp.1703869

Chicago

Adanaş, Ertan, and Şehnaz Nigar Çelik. 2025. “Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System”. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy 6 (2): 259-89. https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1703869.

EndNote

Adanaş E, Nigar Çelik Ş (November 1, 2025) Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy 6 2 259–289.

IEEE

[1]E. Adanaş and Ş. Nigar Çelik, “Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System”, IJESP, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 259–289, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.63612/ijesp.1703869.

ISNAD

Adanaş, Ertan - Nigar Çelik, Şehnaz. “Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System”. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy 6/2 (November 1, 2025): 259-289. https://doi.org/10.63612/ijesp.1703869.

JAMA

1.Adanaş E, Nigar Çelik Ş. Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System. IJESP. 2025;6:259–289.

MLA

Adanaş, Ertan, and Şehnaz Nigar Çelik. “Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System”. International Journal of Educational Studies and Policy, vol. 6, no. 2, Nov. 2025, pp. 259-8, doi:10.63612/ijesp.1703869.

Vancouver

1.Ertan Adanaş, Şehnaz Nigar Çelik. Development and Validation of a Critical Pedagogy Scale: Teachers’ Evaluations of the Turkish Education System. IJESP. 2025 Nov. 1;6(2):259-8. doi:10.63612/ijesp.1703869