Detection of Pesticide Residues in Olive Leaves From İzmir, Turkey

Abstract

Turkey, especially the Aegean region, has very suitable lands for olive cultivation. In this work, the olive leaves extracts were treated with pesticide solution and also Bordeaux mixture. Olive varieties in their natural environment were collected after 1 year, and the amount of pesticides they contained was measured. As a result of the QuEChERS method using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS techniques, no pesticide residues were detected in any samples. The pesticide residues determined in the samples used in this study do not exceed the maximum limits specified in the Turkish Food Codex and the European Commission. There are no quantifiable residues of abamectin, acetamiprid, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, diflubenzuron, diflufenican, dimethoate, dodine, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, lufenuron, malathion, novaluron, phosmet, pyriproxyfen, spinosad, thiacloprid, and triflumuron were detected in any olive samples by using LC-MS/MS method. Also, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyflutrin, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin were not detected in samples by GC-MS/MS method. Accordingly, they agree with the results found. The results obtained showed that the pesticide solution used protected the olives from pests and did not have a harmful effect on the olives.

Keywords

• Olive
• Deltamethrin
• QuEChERS method
• LC-MS/MS
• GC-MS/MS.

References

1. Acosta-Dacal, A., Rial-Berriel, C., Diaz-Diaz, R., Bernal-Suarez, M. M., & Luzardo, O. P. (2021). Optimization and validation of a QuEChERS-based method for the simultaneous environmental monitoring of 218 pesticide residues in clay loam soil. Science of the Total Environment, 753, 142015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142015
2. Aparicio, R., & Harwood J. (2013). Handbook of Olive Oil Analysis and Properties. Springer New York.
3. Barrek, S., Paisse, O., & Grenier-Loustalot, M.F. (2003). Determination of residual pesticides in olive oil by GC-MS and HPLC-MS after extraction by size-exclusion chromatography. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 376(3), 355-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-1917-y
4. Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., Lorente, J., Ortuño, A., & Del Rio, J. A. (2000). Antioxidant activity of phenolics extracted from Olea europaea L. leaves. Food Chemistry, 68, 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00221-6
5. Çetin, Ö., Güloğlu U., Hakan, M., Kaya, H., Mete, N., & Savran, H. (2015). Türkiye Zeytin Çeşit Kataloğu. İzmir, Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı: Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
6. Demircan, V., & Yılmaz, H. (2005). Isparta ili elma üretiminde tarımsal ilaç kullanımının çevresel duyarlılık ve ekonomik açıdan analizi. Ekoloji, 14(57), 15-25.
7. EC, 2020 EC EU Pesticides Database. 2020 European Commission.
8. El, S. N., & Karakaya, S. (2009). Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutrition Reviews, 67(11), 632–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00248.x

9. Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Barros, L., Soares, M. E., Bastos, M. L., & Pereira, J. A. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of Olea europaea L. leaves sprayed with different copper formulations. Food Chemistry, 103, 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.006
10. Giacometti, J., Bursac Kovacevic, D., Putnik, P., Gabric, D., Bilušic, T., Krešic, G., Stulic, V., Barba, F. J., Chemat, F., & Barbosa-Cánovas, G. (2018). Extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils from mediterranean herbs by conventional and green innovative techniques: A review. Food Research International, 113, 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.036
11. González-Curbelo, M. Á., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., González-Sálamo, J., Hernández-Borges, J., & Rodríguez-Delgado, M. Á. (2015). Evolution and applications of the QuEChERS method. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.012
12. Hasibur, R., Mehboob, A., Fahim, A., Manpreet, K., Kanchan, B., & Sheikh, R. (2006). The modulatory effect of deltamethrin on antioxidants in mice. Clinica Chimica Acta, 369(1), 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.01.010
13. Lama-Muñoz, A., del Mar Contreras, M., Espínola, F., Moya, M., de Torres, A., Romero, I., & Castro, E. (2019). Extraction of oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from olive leaves: Optimization of technique and operating conditions. Food Chemistry, 293, 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.075
14. Lockyer, S., Rowland, I., Spencer, J. P. E., Yaqoob, P., & Stonehouse, W. (2016). Impact of phenolic-rich olive leaf extract on blood pressure, plasma lipids and inflammatory markers: A randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition, 56, 1421–1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1188-y
15. Lopez, S. H., Dias, J., & Kok, A. (2020). Analysis of highly polar pesticides and their main metabolites in animal origin matrices by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Food Control, 115, 107289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107289
16. Pena, A., Ruano, F., & Mingorance, M. D. (2006). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pesticides from olive branches: a multifactorial approach to method development. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 385, 918-925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0449-7
17. PFA 1954. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954. Act No. 37 with Prevention of Food Adulteration Ruels 1955 and Notification and Commodity Index (16th ed.). Lucknow: Eastern Book.
18. Pham, H. C., Navarro-Delmasure, C., & Pham, H. C. (1984). Toxicological studies of deltamethrin. International Journal of Tissue Reactions, 6(2), 127-133. PMID: 6735621.
19. Putnik, P., Lorenzo, J., Barba, F., Roohinejad, S., Režek Jambrak, A., Granato, D., Montesano, D., & Bursa´c Kovaˇcevi´c, D. (2018). Novel food processing and extraction technologies of high-added value compounds from plant materials. Foods, 7, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7070106
20. Radovanović, T. B., Nasia, M., Krizmanić, I. I., Prokić, M. D., Gavrić, J. P., Despotović, S. G., Gavrilović, B. R., Borković-Mitić, S., Pavlović, S. Z., & Saičić, Z. S. (2017). Sublethal effects of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin on oxidative stress parameters in green toad (Bufotes viridis L.). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36(10), 2814-2822. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3849
21. Rebora, M., Salerno, G., Piersanti, S., Gorb, E., & Gorb, S. (2020). Role of fruit epicuticular waxes in preventing bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) attachment in different cultivars of Olea europaea. Insects, 11, 189-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030189
22. Sahyar, B.Y., Kaplan, M., Ozsoz, M., Celik, E., & Otles, S. (2019). Electrochemical xanthine detection by enzymatic method based on Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles by using polypyrrole. Bioelectrochemistry, 130, 107327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107327
23. Sarbishegi, M., Gorgich, E.A.C., Khajavi, O., Komeili, G., & Salimi, S. (2018). The neuroprotective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf on rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in rat. Metab Brain Dis, 33, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0131-0
24. Tognaccini, L., Ricci, M., Gellini, C., Feis, A., Smulevich, G., & Becucci, M. (2019). Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy for ın-field detection of pesticides: a test on dimethoate residues in water and on olive leaves. Molecules, 24, 292-302. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020292
25. Turkish Food Codex Regulation. Turkish Official Newspaper. 19 February 2020. Number: 31044, 2.
26. Turkmenoglu, Z., Kaya, S., & Gündoğdu, M. (1974). Ege Bölgesi bağlarında zarar yapan bağ kanseri (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)‘ne karşı uygun mücadele metodunun tespiti. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 14(4), 235-248.
27. Uguz, S., & Uysal, N. (2021). Classification of olive leaf diseases using deep convolutional neural networks. Neural Computing and Applications, 33, 4133-4149.
28. Wang, B., Shen, S., Qu, J., Xu, Z., Feng, S., Chen, T., & Ding, C. (2021). Optimizing total phenolic and oleuropein of Chinese Olive (Olea europaea) leaves for enhancement of the phenols content and antioxidant activity. Agronomy, 11, 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040686
29. Zuntar, I., Putnik, P., Kovacevic, D. B., Nutrizio, M., Supljika, F., Poljanec, A., Dubrovic, I., Barba, F. J., & Jambrak, A. R. (2019). Phenolic and antioxidant analysis of olive leaves extracts (Olea europaea L.) obtained by high voltage electrical discharges (HVED). Foods, 8(7), 248. https://doi.or/g10.3390/foods8070248