The energy integration and cogeneration are commonly used in large nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer production complexes for many years, due to the presence in the same site of production processes with highly exothermic main reactions, e.g. nitric and/or sulphuric acid plants and heat consuming processes, e.g. urea, ammonium nitrate, wet phosphoric acid, complex fertilizers, etc.) (Kongshaug, 1998).
In this work the exergy method is used to analyze the dependence of the primary energy consumption and GHG emissions in the ammonium nitrate production on basic parameters of the subsystems (ammonia, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate production units and CHP) and on the allocation of the additional fuel (natural gas) burning and steam generation.
The results show that the most effective allocation scheme depends on the relative efficiencies of the subsystems as well as on the boundary conditions and regulations of the GHG emissions.
Appl, M. (1999). Ammonia: Principles and Industrial Practice. New York, NY:Wiley-VCH Verlag.
European Fertilizers Manufacturers Association. (2000). Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry: Booklet N 1: Production of Ammonia; Booklet N2: Production of Nitric Acid. Booklet N 6: Production of Ammonium Nitrate and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate. Brussels. EFMA. Retrieved October 2013 from: http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/index.php?id=6&tx_tt news[pointer]=6&cHash=03f23b4186c65b87d137acc15 da4c6ab
Gaggioli, R. A., Sama, D. A., Qian, S. & El-Sayed, M. (1991). Integration of a New Process into an Existing Site: A case Study in the Application of Exergy Analysis, J. of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power; 113, 170-183.
European Commission. Directorate-General JRC. (2007). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals, Ammonia, Acids and Fertilizers Industrie. EC/ JRC/ IPTS. Seville, Spain. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/lvic_aaf. pdf.
Kirova-Yordanova, Z. (1999). Energy Integration in Chemical Plants: The Pros and Cons. A Second LawBased Evaluation of Industrial Experience. PI’99. Proceedings of the Inernational. Conference on Process Integration. Copenhagen, Denmark, Vol. 2, pp. 78-80.
Kirova-Yordanova, Z. (2011). Application of the exergy method to environmental impact estimation: The nitric acid production as a case study, Energy 36, 3733-3744.
Kirova-Yordanova, Z. (2012). Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Nitrogen Fertilizers Industry: Thermodynamic Estimation of the Efficiency, Potentials, Limitations and Environmental Impact. Part 1: Energy Integration in Ammonia Production Plants, ECOS 2012: Proceedings of the 25 th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact on Energy Systems, Perugia, Italy, Vol. II, 138-152. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://www.fupress.com/Archivio/pdf%5C5493.pdf.
Kirova – Yordanova, Z., Barakov, Y., Koleva, D. (1994). Exergy Analysis of Nitric Acid Plants: a Case Study. ENERGY FOR THE 21st CENTURY: Conversion, Utilisation and Environmental Quality: Proceedings of the Florence World Energy Research Symposium, 9319
Kirova-Yordanova, Z., Hrusulev, G., Atanasova, L. (1995). Exergy Analysis of Ammonia Plants: A Comparison of Energy-Integrated and Non-Integrated Plants. ECOS’95: Proceedings of the ASME International Conference Efficiency, Costs, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 1, 237 – 242.
Kongshaug, G. (1998). Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fertilizer Production. IFA Technical Conference 1998: Proceedings of the IFA Technical Conference, Marrakech, Morocco. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/HomePage/LIBRARY/Publication-database.html/EnergyConsumption-and-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-inFertilizer-Production.html.
Linnhoff, B., Alanis, F.J. (1991). Integration of a New Process into an Existing Site: A case Study in the Application of Pinch Technology, J.of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 113, 159-169.
Szargut, J., Morris, D. R., Steward, F. R. (1988). Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes, New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
Year 2013,
Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 163 - 171, 01.12.2013
Appl, M. (1999). Ammonia: Principles and Industrial Practice. New York, NY:Wiley-VCH Verlag.
European Fertilizers Manufacturers Association. (2000). Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry: Booklet N 1: Production of Ammonia; Booklet N2: Production of Nitric Acid. Booklet N 6: Production of Ammonium Nitrate and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate. Brussels. EFMA. Retrieved October 2013 from: http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/index.php?id=6&tx_tt news[pointer]=6&cHash=03f23b4186c65b87d137acc15 da4c6ab
Gaggioli, R. A., Sama, D. A., Qian, S. & El-Sayed, M. (1991). Integration of a New Process into an Existing Site: A case Study in the Application of Exergy Analysis, J. of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power; 113, 170-183.
European Commission. Directorate-General JRC. (2007). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals, Ammonia, Acids and Fertilizers Industrie. EC/ JRC/ IPTS. Seville, Spain. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/lvic_aaf. pdf.
Kirova-Yordanova, Z. (1999). Energy Integration in Chemical Plants: The Pros and Cons. A Second LawBased Evaluation of Industrial Experience. PI’99. Proceedings of the Inernational. Conference on Process Integration. Copenhagen, Denmark, Vol. 2, pp. 78-80.
Kirova-Yordanova, Z. (2011). Application of the exergy method to environmental impact estimation: The nitric acid production as a case study, Energy 36, 3733-3744.
Kirova-Yordanova, Z. (2012). Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Nitrogen Fertilizers Industry: Thermodynamic Estimation of the Efficiency, Potentials, Limitations and Environmental Impact. Part 1: Energy Integration in Ammonia Production Plants, ECOS 2012: Proceedings of the 25 th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact on Energy Systems, Perugia, Italy, Vol. II, 138-152. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://www.fupress.com/Archivio/pdf%5C5493.pdf.
Kirova – Yordanova, Z., Barakov, Y., Koleva, D. (1994). Exergy Analysis of Nitric Acid Plants: a Case Study. ENERGY FOR THE 21st CENTURY: Conversion, Utilisation and Environmental Quality: Proceedings of the Florence World Energy Research Symposium, 9319
Kirova-Yordanova, Z., Hrusulev, G., Atanasova, L. (1995). Exergy Analysis of Ammonia Plants: A Comparison of Energy-Integrated and Non-Integrated Plants. ECOS’95: Proceedings of the ASME International Conference Efficiency, Costs, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 1, 237 – 242.
Kongshaug, G. (1998). Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fertilizer Production. IFA Technical Conference 1998: Proceedings of the IFA Technical Conference, Marrakech, Morocco. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from: http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/HomePage/LIBRARY/Publication-database.html/EnergyConsumption-and-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-inFertilizer-Production.html.
Linnhoff, B., Alanis, F.J. (1991). Integration of a New Process into an Existing Site: A case Study in the Application of Pinch Technology, J.of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 113, 159-169.
Szargut, J., Morris, D. R., Steward, F. R. (1988). Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes, New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
Kirova-yordanova, Z. (2013). Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 16(4), 163-171.
AMA
Kirova-yordanova Z. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes. International Journal of Thermodynamics. December 2013;16(4):163-171.
Chicago
Kirova-yordanova, Zornitza. “Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 16, no. 4 (December 2013): 163-71.
EndNote
Kirova-yordanova Z (December 1, 2013) Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes. International Journal of Thermodynamics 16 4 163–171.
IEEE
Z. Kirova-yordanova, “Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes”, International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 163–171, 2013.
ISNAD
Kirova-yordanova, Zornitza. “Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 16/4 (December 2013), 163-171.
JAMA
Kirova-yordanova Z. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2013;16:163–171.
MLA
Kirova-yordanova, Zornitza. “Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes”. International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 16, no. 4, 2013, pp. 163-71.
Vancouver
Kirova-yordanova Z. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonium Nitrate Production Complexes. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2013;16(4):163-71.