Sperm Storage and Artificial Insemination in Honey Bees

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 12 - 25, 01.03.2020

Arda Onur Özkök Murat Selcuk

https://doi.org/10.38058/ijsl.661629

Öz

To obtain the expected yield from a honeybee colony, queen bee is required to have high egg capacity, the colony is also expected to be resistant to diseases, to have a low tendency for swarming, to be resistant to looting, and to be able to adapt to the climatic conditions of the region. In this context, it is important to protect the pure bee races and to improve them by conducting breeding research. To maintain the high yield aspect of honeybee colony, the queen bee needs to be replaced at most every 2 years. Queen bee becomes adult in as short as 16 days after hatching, and mating is realized in the air outside the colony, which makes it difficult to preserve the genetic line of the queen bee. At this point, artificial insemination and protection of gene resources become important. Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) sperm can be stored for short and long periods. However, due to the delicate structure and biology of honey bee sperm, the high success rate in mammals could not be achieved in storing bee sperm. Due to the genetic damage exposed during the freezing of honey bee sperm, long-term storage difficulties are experienced. In addition, the concentration, motility and viability of spermatozoa decrease due to the short-term storage and storage conditions. In the breeding studies in the same region, after a period of time, gene resources decrease, and accordingly, the risk of inbreeding occurs. Instead of replacing the bee colonies that are at risk of inbreeding, a new different genome addition to the colony whose current yield characteristics are known can be made through the sperm storage of other colonies. Thanks to the long-term storage of sperm, long-period genetic studies can be carried out as in mammals, which is important for improving yield characteristics genetically. In addition, the long-term storage of honeybee sperm is a hope for the protection of regional races that are in danger of extinction due to unconsciousness and improper breeding policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial insemination, Freezing, Honey bee, Sperm

Kaynakça

• Andraszek, K., Smalec, E. 2011. The use of silver nitrate for the identification of spermatozoon structure in selected mammals, Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 91(2): 239-246.
• Burley, L.M., Fell, R D., Saacke, R. G. 2008. Survival of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spermatozoa incubated at room temperature from drones exposed to miticides, Journal of economic entomology, 101(4), 1081-1087.
• Camargo, C.A. 1975. Biology of the spermatozoon of apis mellifera, 1.ınfluence of diluents and pH. J Apicult Res, 14(3-4):113–8.
• Cobey S.1998. A comparison of colony performance of ınstrumentally ınseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens. Proc. American Bee Research Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, American Bee Journal, 138, 292.
• Cobey, S.W. 2007. Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance, Apidologie, 38(4): 390-410.
• Cobey, S., D. Tarpy., J. Woyke. 2013. Standard methods for instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens, Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(4): 1–18.
• Collins, A.M., Donoghue A.M. 1999. Viability assessment of honeybee, Apis mellifera, sperm using dual fluorescent staining, Theriogenology, 51(8): 1513-1523.
• Collins, A. M. 2000. Survival of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spermatozoa stored at above-freezing temperatures, Journal of economic entomology, 93(3): 568-571.
• Collins, A.M. 2003. A scientific note on the effect of centrifugationon pooled honeybee semen, Apidologie, 34(5): 469–470.
• Collins A.M., Williams V., Evans JD. 2004. Sperm storage and antioxidativeenzyme expression in the honey bee, Apis mellifera.Insect Molecular Biology, 13(2): 141–146.
• Collins A.M., Caperna, T.J., Williams, V., Garrett, W.M., Evans, J.D. 2006. Proteomicanalyses of male contributions to honey bee sperm storage and mating, InsectMolecular Biology, 15(5): 541–549.
• Colonello, N.A., K. Hartfelder. 2003. Protein content and pattern duringmucus gland maturation and itsecdysteroid control in honey bee drones. Apidologie, 34(3): 257-267.
• Colonello-Frattini, N.A., K, Hartfelder. 2009. Differential gene expressionprofiling in mucus glands of honey bee(Apis mellifera) drones during sexual maturation, Apidologie, 40(4): 481-495.
• Den Boer, S. P. A., Boomsma, J. J., Baer, B. 2009. Honey bee males and queens use glandular secretions to enhance sperm viability before and after storage, Journal of Insect Physiology, 55(6): 538-543.
• Elits B.E. 2005. Theoretical aspects of canine semen cryopreservation, Theriogenology, 64(3): 692–697.
• Gagnon ,C., de Lamirande E. 2006. Controls of Sperm Motility. The Sperm Cell, University of Cambridge Press, 108–33.
• Genç, F. , Dodoloğlu, A. 2002. Arıcılığın temel esasları. Atatürk Üniv. Zir. Fak Yay. No: 166, Atatürk Üniv. Basımevi, Erzurum.
• Giray, T., Robinson, G.E. 1996. Common endocrine and geneticmechanisms of behavioral developmentin male and worker honey bees and theevolution of division of labor, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(21): 11718-11722.
• Gül, A., Şahiner, N., Onal, A.G., Hopkins, B.K., Sheppard, S. W. 2017. Effects of diluents and plasma on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) drone frozen-thawed semen fertility, Theriogenology, 101: 109-113.
• Gontarz, A., Banaszewska, D., Gryzinska, M., & Andraszek, K. 2016. Differences in drone sperm morphometry and activity at the beginning and end of the season, Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 40(5), 598-602.
• Harbo, J.R.1974. A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 67(2) 191–194.
• Harbo, J. R. 1977. Survival of honey bee spermatozoa in liquid-nitrogen. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70(2): 257–258.
• Harbo J.R. 1979. Storage of honey bee spermatozoa at –196 ◦C, Journal of Apicultural Research, 18(1): 57-63
• Harbo J.R. 1981. Viability of honey bee eggs from progeny of frozen spermatozoa, Annals of the Entomological Society of America,74(5),482–486.
• Harbo, J. R. 1986. Sterility in honey bees caused by dimethyl sulfoxide, Journal of heredity, 77(2): 129–130.
• Harbo, J.R., Williams J.L. 1987. Effect of above-freezingtemperatures on temporary storage of honey bee spermatozoa, Journal of Apicultural Research, 26 53–55.
• Hopkins, B.K., Herr, C. 2010. Factors affecting the successful cryopreservationof honey bee (Apis mellifera) spermatozoa, Apidologie, 41(5):548 –556.
• Kondracki ,S., Banaszewska, D., Mielnicka, C. 2005. The effect of ageon the morphometric sperm traits of domestic pigs (Sus scrofadomestica), Cell Mol Biol Lett 10(1): 3-13.
• Koeniger G. 1986 Reproduction and mating behavior , Bee Breeding and Genetics, Academic Press, Inc., pp. 235–252.
• Koeniger, G. 1990. The role of the matingsign in honey bees, Apis mellifera L.:does it hinder or promote multiplemating? Anim.Behav, 39:444-449.
• Koeniger, N. and G. Koeniger 2000.Reproductive isolation among speciesof the genus Apis, Apidologie, 31: 313-339.
• Laidlaw, H H, 1979. Contemporary queen rearing, Dadant and Sons Inc., Journal Printing Co., Carthaga, Illinois, USA
• Moritz, R.F.A. 1984. The effect of different diluents oninsemination success in the honeybee using mixedsemen. Journal of Apicultural Research, 23(3), 164–167.
• Moors, L.,O. Spaas and G. Koeniger. 2005.Morphological and ultrastructuralchanges in the mucus glands of Apis mellifera drones during pupaldevelopment and sexual maturation, Apidologie, 36: 245-254.
• Nur, Z., Cakmak, S., Ustuner, B., Cakmak, I., Erturk, M., Abramson Cl,Sagirkaya H, Soylu MK. 2012. The use of hypo-osmotic swelling test, watertest, and supravital staining in the evaluation of drone sperm . Apidologie,43,31-38.
• Paillard, M., Rousseau, A., Giovenazzo, P., Bailey, J.L. 2017. Preservation of domesticated honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) drone semen, Journal of Economic Entomology 110(4): 1412-1418.
• Phiancharoen, M., Wongsiri, S., Koeniger, N., Koeniger, G. 2004. Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival, Apidologie, 35(5): 503-511.
• Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., Dhama, K. 2014. Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014: 1-19.
• Taylor,M.A., Guzman-Novoa, E., Morfin, N., Buhr, M.M. 2009. Improving viability ofcryopreserved honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) sperm with selected diluents,cryoprotectants, and semen dilution ratios, Theriogenology, 72(2):149-1 59.
• Tozetto, S.O., A. Rachinsky and W. Engels.1997. Juvenile hormone promotesflight activity in drones (Apis melliferacárnica), Apidologie 28: 77-84.
• Vatansever, H. 2004. Arı Yetiştiriciliği ve Hastalıkları, Ankara. ISBN:9759446758.
• Wegener, J., K. Bienefeld. 2012. Toxicity of cryoprotectants to honey beesemen and queens, Theriogenology, 77(3): 600–607.
• Wegener, J., May T., Kamp, G., Bienefeld, K. 2014. New methods andmedia for the centrifugation of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) drone semen, Journal of economic entomology, 107(1): 47–53.
• Woyke, J. 1955. Multiple mating of thehoneybee queen {Apis mellifera L.) inone nuptial flight, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci, 3(5): 175-180.
• Woyke, J., and Ruttner, F. 1958. Ananatomical study of the mating processin the honeybee, Bee World, 39(1): 3-18.
• Woyke, J. 2008. Why the eversión of the endophallus of honey bee dronestops at the partly everted stage andsignifieance of this, Apidologie, 39(6): 627-636.
• Woyke, J. 2011. The mating sign of queen bees originates from two dronesand the process of multiple mating inhoney bees Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(4): 272-283.
• Wilde J. 1994. The effects of keeping queen honey bees after instrumental insemination on their performance, Acta Academiae Agricultural Technicae Olstenensis, Zootechnica 39, 153–166.
• Winston, M.L., 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee, Harvard University Press: London,UK.