Determination of Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Some Quality Properties of Salep Orchid (Orchis sancta L.) Cultivated in Field Conditions in Turkey

Abstract

Turkey has rich biodiversity due to located at the intersection of Europe-Siberia, Mediterranean and Iran-Turan flora regions. Orchidaceae family has a distinct place within this rich biodiversity. It has been reported total 204 orchid species those belongs to the 24 genera are grown in Turkey. The exports of the salep orchids were banned in 1974 by the Ministry of Agriculture due to high destruction of natural distribution areas of the plant. Despite the fact that nowadays the salep plants are protected by laws, the tubers of salep orchids still have been collected by people. Washing, boiling in water or milk, washing in cold water and drying stages are used to prevent growing activity of salep tubers. After this, tubers of salep are grind and prepared to use as salep powder. All of salep production is provided by collection of salep tubers from nature. For one kilogram of salep, 1000-4000 tubers is used. And it was assumed that our country produces 45 tons of tubers per year.This study was carried out to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on some quality characteristics of Orchis sancta L. grown in field conditions, in order to take part in agricultural cultivation of salep orchids. In the study, the effect of four fertilizer doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/da) was investigated on starch ratio (%), mucilage ratio (%), protein ratio (%) and ash ratio (%). Mucilage ratio (salep mannia) was varied between 14% and 26% according to nitrogen fertilizer doses.

Keywords

• Salep
• Orchis sancta L.
• Cultivation
• Nitrogen fertilizer
• Quality

Determination of Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Some Quality Properties of Salep Orchid (Orchis sancta L.) Cultivated in Field Conditions in Turkey

Abstract

Turkey has rich biodiversity due to located at the intersection of Europe-Siberia, Mediterranean and Iran-Turan flora regions. Orchidaceae family has a distinct place within this rich biodiversity. It has been reported total 204 orchid species those belongs to the 24 genera are grown in Turkey. The exports of the salep orchids were banned in 1974 by the Ministry of Agriculture due to high destruction of natural distribution areas of the plant. Despite the fact that nowadays the salep plants are protected by laws, the tubers of salep orchids still have been collected by people. Washing, boiling in water or milk, washing in cold water and drying stages are used to prevent growing activity of salep tubers. After this, tubers of salep are grind and prepared to use as salep powder. All of salep production is provided by collection of salep tubers from nature. For one kilogram of salep, 1000-4000 tubers is used. And it was assumed that our country produces 45 tons of tubers per year.This study was carried out to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on some quality characteristics of Orchis sancta L. grown in field conditions, in order to take part in agricultural cultivation of salep orchids. In the study, the effect of four fertilizer doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/da) was investigated on starch ratio (%), mucilage ratio (%), protein ratio (%) and ash ratio (%). Mucilage ratio (salep mannia) was varied between 14% and 26% according to nitrogen fertilizer doses.

Keywords

• Salep
• Orchis sancta L.
• Cultivation
• Nitrogen fertilizer
• Quality

References

1. Sezik, E., (1984). Orkidelerimiz (Türkiye'nin Orkideleri), Sandoz Kültür Yayınları No.6, 166.
2. Sezik, E., İşler, N., Güler, N., Orhan, Ç., Aybeke, M., Deniz, İ.G., & Üstün, O., (2007). Salep ve Orkidelerin Tarribi, Tübitak, TBAG-Ç.SEK/23(103T008), Sonuç Raporu, Ankara.
3. Sezik, E., (2012). Salep mi? Orkideler mi? Türkiye 2. Orkide ve Salep Çalıştayı, 25-26 Nisan 2012, İzmir, pp. 37-44.
4. Özhatay, N., Koyuncu, M., Atay, S., & Byfield, A., (1997). Türkiye’nin Doğal Tıbbi Bitkilerinin Ticareti Hakkında Bir Çalışma, Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği, İstanbul.
5. Baytop, T., (1999). Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, İ.Ü. Ecz. Fak. Yayın No: 325540/40 İstanbul pp. 326-327.
6. Sezik, E., (1967). Türkiye’nin Salepgilleri Ticari Salep Çeşitleri ve Özellikle Muğla Salebi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi Farmakognozi Kürsüsü, İstanbul.
7. Baytop, T., & Sezik, E., (1968). Türk Salep Çeşitleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacology 4: 61-68.
8. Tekinşen, K.K., & Güner, A., (2009). Kahramanmaraş Yöresinde Yetişen Saleplerin Kimyasal Bileşiminin ve Bazı Fizikokimyasal Niteliklerinin Araştırılması, S.Ü. BAP Proje No: 06401061, Konya.

9. Kaya, S., & Tekin, A.R., (2001). The Effect of Salep Content on The Rheological Characteristics of A Typical Ice-Cream Mix. Journal of Food Engineering 47: 59-62.
10. Ayar, A., Sert, D., & Akbulut, M., (2009). Effect of salep as a hydrocolloid on storage stability of ‘İncir Uyutması’ dessert. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(1), 62-71.
11. Kayacier, A., & Dogan, M., (2006). Rheological Properties of Some Gums-Salep Mixed Solutions. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(3), 261-265.
12. Anonim (2011) Retrieved from:http://www.lokmanhekimimiz.com/1149/Urunlerimiz/Sifali-Bitkiler/Salep-Hakiki-Saf-Salep-SAHLEP-50-GR.aspx
13. Erdem, H. E. (2004). Biyolojik çeşitliliğin Ekonomik Değerinin Belirlenmesi: Yabani Orkide Örneği. Ege Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enst. (Master thesis). Çevre Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı. Bornova-İzmir pp.99.
14. Sandal Erzurumlu, G., & Doran, İ., (2011). Türkiye’de Salep Orkideleri ve Salep Kültürü, HR.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 15(1): 29-34.
15. Tubives, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.tubives.com /index.php?sayfa=1&tax_id=9577
16. McCleary, B. V., & Monaghan, D. A., (2002). Measurement of Resistant Starch. J. AOAC Int., 85, pp.665-675.
17. Kaya, N., (1998). Biyokimya Uygulama Kılavuzu. E.Ü. Zir. Fak. Yayın. Ders Notları 57/1.
18. Anonymous (1976). American Association of Cereal Chemists: “Approved Methods of the AACC” Method 76-11.
19. Sezik, E., Özer, B., (1983). Kastamonu Salebinin Menşei ve Kastamonu Civarının Orkideleri. TÜBİTAK Proje No: TBAG -424, Ankara.
20. Tekinşen, O.C., & Karacabey, A., (1984). Bazı Stabilizatör Karışımlarının Kahramanmaraş Tipi Dondurmanın Fiziksel ve Organoleptik Nitelikleri Üzerine Etkisi, TÜBİTAK Proje No: VHAG 594, Ankara.
21. Akgül, A., (1993). Baharat Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları, Ankara pp.142-143.