Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Some Medicinal Plants of Iran

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 62 - 78, 16.03.2019

Samira Mohammadi Khosro Piri Mehri Dinarvand

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.514968

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases earlier times are potential sources of new drugs. The present study was undertaken to study the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants of Iran by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), DPPH and disk diffusion method. According to the results of GC/MS, there are 46 kinds of chemical compounds including mucilage, fatty acids, flavonoid and diterpenes in flower of Echium khuzistanicum. There are aldehydes (7.9%), phenols (7.5%), fatty acids (5.8%) and furfural (5.4%) in the methanol extract of Echinops cephalotes. Furfural, steroids, vitamin B and flavonoids are the main compounds of Marrubium anisodan. Results of the antibacterial test showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were more sensitive to methanol extract of Echium khuzistanicum root. Pseudomonas auruginosa was more sensitive to DMSO extract of Marrubium anisodan at 600 mg/ml concentration. Maximum flavonoid and phenol contents were belonging to Echinops cephalotes. Marrubium anisodan showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity.

Keywords

Echium khuzistanicum, Echinops cephalotes, Marrubium anisodon, Flavonoid, Phenol

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Some Medicinal Plants of Iran

Abstract

Medicinal plants used in
the treatment of diseases earlier times are potential sources of new drugs. The
present study was undertaken to study the chemical composition, antioxidant
and antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants of Iran by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), DPPH and disk diffusion method. According to the
results of GC/MS, there are 46 kinds of chemical compounds including mucilage,
fatty acids, flavonoid and diterpenes in flower of Echium khuzistanicum.
There are aldehydes (7.9%), phenols (7.5%), fatty acids (5.8%) and furfural
(5.4%) in the methanol extract of Echinops cephalotes. Furfural,
steroids, vitamin B and flavonoids are the main compounds of Marrubium
anisodan. Results of the antibacterial test showed that Staphylococcus
aureus and Bacillus subtilis were more sensitive to methanol extract
of Echium khuzistanicum root. Pseudomonas auruginosa was more
sensitive to DMSO extract of Marrubium anisodan at 600 mg/ml
concentration. Maximum flavonoid and phenol contents were belonging to Echinops
cephalotes. Marrubium anisodan showed the best DPPH free radical
scavenging activity.

Keywords

Echium khuzistanicum, Echinops cephalotes, Marrubium anisodan, Flavonoid, Phenol

References

• [1]. Sharifi‐Rad, M., Mnayer, D., Morais‐Braga, M.F.B., Carneiro, J.N.P., Bezerra, C.F., Coutinho, H.D.M., Salehi, B., Martorell, M., del Mar Contreras, M., Soltani‐Nejad, A. (2018). "Echinacea plants as antioxidant and antibacterial agents: From traditional medicine to biotechnological applications". Phytother. Res., vol 32, pp. 1653-1663.
• [2] Ali, S.S., Kasoju, N., Luthra, A., Singh, A., Sharanabasava, H., Sahu, A., Bora, U. (2008). "Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants". Food. Res. Int., vol 41, pp. 1-15.
• [3] Wu, C., Chen, F., Wang, X., Kim, H.-J., He, G.-q., Haley-Zitlin, V., Huang, G. (2006). "Antioxidant constituents in feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) extract and their chromatographic quantification". Food. Chem., vol 96, pp. 220-227.
• [4] Granato, D., Shahidi, F., Wrolstad, R., Kilmartin, P., Melton, L.D., Hidalgo, F.J., Miyashita, K., van Camp, J., Alasalvar, C., Ismail, A.B. (2018). "Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents: should we ban in vitro screening methods?". Food. Chem, vol 264, pp. 471-475.
• [5] Pokhrel, H., Baishya, S., Phukan, B., Pillai, D., Rather, M.A. (2018). "Occurrence and Distribution of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria of Public Health Significance in Backwaters and Aquaculture Farm". Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., vol 7, pp. 975-987.
• [6] O’Bryan, C.A., Crandall, P.G., Ricke, S.C. (2018). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens, Food and Feed Safety Systems and Analysis", 1th ed.; Elsevier: Netherland, 2018; pp. 99-115; 9780128118351.
• [7] Ali, M., Khan, T., Fatima, K., Ali, Q.u.A., Ovais, M., Khalil, A.T., Ullah, I., Raza, A., Shinwari, Z.K., Idrees, M. (2018). "Selected hepatoprotective herbal medicines: evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanism of actions". Phytother. Res., vol 32, pp. 199-215.
• [8] Khatamsaz, M. (2002). "Flora of Iran: Boraginacea"3rd ed.; Research Institute of forests and rangelands: Tehran, 2002; pp. 78-85.
• [9] Gao, H., Liu, L., Qu, Z.Y., Wei, F.X., Wang, S.Q. , Chen, G., Qin, L., Jiang, F.Y., Wang, Y.C., Shang, L., Gao, C.Y. (2011). "Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro". Biol. Pharm. Bull., vol 34, pp. 197-202.
• [10] Kim, J.Y., Jeong, H.J., Park, J.Y., Kim, Y.M., Park, S.J., Cho, J.K., Park, K.H., Ryu, Y.B., Lee, W.S. (2012). "Selective and slow-binding inhibition of shikonin derivatives isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon on glycosyl hydrolase 33 and 34 sialidases". Bioorg. Med. Chem., vol 20, pp. 1740-1748.
• [11] Lee, Y.J., Choi, S.Y., Yang, J.H. (2014). "NMDA receptor-mediated ERK 1/2 pathway is involved in PFHxS-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells". Sci. Total. Environ., vol 1, pp. 491-492.
• [12] Li, F., Yin, Z., Zhou, B., Xue, F., Yang, W., Chang, R., Ma, K., Qiu, Y. (2015). "Shikonin inhibits inflammatory responses in rabbit chondrocytes and shows chondroprotection in osteoarthritic rabbit knee". Int. Immunopharmacol, vol 29, pp. 656-662.
• [13] Papageorgiou, V.P., Assimopoulou, A.N., Couladouros, E.A., Hepworth, D., Nicolaou, K.C. (1999). "The Chemistry and Biology of Alkannin, Shikonin, and Related Naphthazarin Natural Products". Angewandte. Chemie. International. Edition, vol 38, pp. 270-301.
• [14] Skrzypczak, A., Przystupa, N., Zgadzaj, A., Parzonko, A., Syklowska-Baranek, K., Paradowska, K., Nalecz-Jawecki, G. (2015). "Antigenotoxic, anti-photogenotoxic and antioxidant activities of natural naphthoquinone shikonin and acetylshikonin and Arnebia euchroma callus extracts evaluated by the umu-test and EPR method". Toxicol. In Vitro, vol 30, pp. 364-372.
• [15] Yang, Y., Wang, J., Yang, Q., Wu, S., Yang, Z., Zhu, H., Zheng, M., Liu, W., Wu, W., He, J., Chen, Z. (2014). "Shikonin inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells via IFN and NF-kappaB signaling pathways". Int. Immunopharmacol, vol 19, pp. 81-87.
• [16] Fan, C., Xie, Y., Dong, Y., Su, Y., Upton, Z. (2015). "Investigating the potential of Shikonin as a novel hypertrophic scar treatment". J. Biomed. Sci., vol 22, pp. 1-13.
• [17] Bursal, E., Aras, A., Kılıç, Ö. (2018). "Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of endemic plant Marrubium astracanicum subsp. macrodon: Identification of its phenolic contents by using HPLC-MS/MS". Nat. Prod. Res., vol pp. 1-5.
• [18] Hymete, A., Iversen, T.H., Rohloff, J., Erko, B. (2005). "Screening of Echinops ellenbeckii and Echinops longisetus for biological activities and chemical constituents". Phytomedicine, vol 12, pp. 675-679.
• [19] Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Pourmorad, F., Bekhradnia, A.R. (2008). "Iron chelating activity, phenol and flavonoid content of some medicinal plants from Iran". Afr. J. Biotechnol., vol 7, pp.3188-3192 .
• [20] Chang, W.C.S., Soon, C.K., Bong, S.H., Hye, K.C., Min, J.A., Sang, H.P., Soo,K.K. (2002). "Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison". Plant. Sci., vol 163, pp. 1161-1168.
• [21] Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. (1965). "Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents." Am. J. Enol. Viticult., vol 16, pp. 144-158.
• [22] Shah, S.H.R, ZAhid, M., Mohammad, S., Mohammad. M.M., Aziz, U.R. (2016). "Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and thrombolytic studies of some N-(2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxan-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide-N-acetamide derivatives". J. Chem. Pharm. Res., vol 8, pp. 424-431.
• [23] Mangena, T., Muyima, N. (1999). "Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Artemisia afra, Pteronia incana and Rosmarinus officinalis on selected bacteria and yeast strains". Lett. Appl. Microbiol., vol 28, pp. 291-296.
• [24] Shi, W., Marcus, S.L., Lowary, T.L. (2010). "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of aminosugar-functionalized intercalating agents". Carbohydr. Res., vol 345, pp. 10-22.
• [25] Martinez, A., Rodriguez, M.E., Wells, M.L., York, S.W., Preston, J.F., Ingram, L.O. (2001). "Detoxification of dilute acid hydrolysates of lignocellulose with lime". Biotech. Prog., vol 17, pp. 287-293.
• [26] Boopathy, R., Bokang, H., Daniels, L. (1993). "Biotransformation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural by enteric bacteria". J. Ind. Microbiol, vol 11, pp. 147-150.
• [27] Meyre-Silva,, Cechinel-Filho, V. (2010). "A review of the chemical and pharmacological aspects of the genus marrubium". Curr. Pharm. Des, vol 16, pp. 3503-3518.
• [28] Karioti, A., Skaltsa, H., Heilmann, J., Sticher, O. (2003). "Acylated flavonoid and phenylethanoid glycosides from Marrubium velutinum". Phytochemistry, vol 64, pp. 655-660.
• [29] Hussain, A., Perveen, S., Malik, A., Khan, A.N., Tareen, R.B. (2010). "Marrusidins A and B, New Epimeric Labdane Diterpenes from Marrubium anisodon". Helv. Chim. Acta, vol 93, pp. 1101-1104.
• [30] Gholamhoseinian, A., Moradi, M., Sharifi-Far, F. (2009). "Screening the methanol extracts of some Iranian plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity". Res. Pharm. Sci., vol 4, pp. 105.
• [31] Safaei, A. (2010). "Identification and quantitative determination of Luteolin and Apigenin in the aerial parts and an extract of Stachys lavandulifolia by HPLC". Iran. J. Pharm. Res., volume 3, pp. 90-90.
• [32] Khan, I.A., Abourashed, E.A. (2009). "Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients: Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics", 2nd ed.; Wiley, New Jersey, Canada, 2009; pp. 511-520; 0471508268.
• [33] Khan, R.A., Khan, M.R., Sahreen, S. (2012). "Assessment of flavonoids contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of Launaea procumbens". Chem. Central. J., vol 6, pp. 3-11.
• [34] Khan, M.R., Marium, A., Shabbir, M., Saeed, N., Bokhari, J. (2012). "Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Oxalis corniculata against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced injuries in rat". Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., vol 6, pp. 30-37.
• [35] Khan, I.A., Abourashed, E.A. (2011). "Leung's encyclopedia of common natural ingredients: used in food, drugs and cosmetics", 3rd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, Canada, 2011;pp. 696-703; 9881607418.
• [36] Javadzadeh, S. (1995). "The effect of sowing methods,"Nitrogen fertilizer, and plant density on quality and quantity yield of Borago officinalis LMS Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Jiroft, Iran , 1995.
• [37] Bone, K., Mills, S. (2013). "Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy : Modern Herbal Medicine", 2nd ed.; Elsevier, USA, 2013; pp. 478-480; 978-0-443-06992-5.
• [38] PadgeUe, S.R., Re, D.B., Barry, G.F., Eichholtz, D.E., Delannay, X., Fuchs, R.L., Kishore, G.M., Fraley, R.T. (2018). "New Weed Control Opportunities: Development of Soybeans with a Roundup Ready: Gene, Herbicide-resistant crops", 3rd ed.; CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2018; pp. 65-100; 9781351081641.
• [39] Jacob, S. W, Lawrence, R. M, Zucker, M. (1999) "The Miracle of MSM". New York: Berkley Books.
• [40] Delorme, P., Jay, M., Ferry, S. (1977). "Inventaire phytochimique des Borraginacees indigenes: etude des alcaloides et des composes polyphenoliques (composes anthocyaniques et flavoniques)". Plantes. Medicinales. et. Phytotherapie.
• [41] Milos, M., Mastelic, J., Jerkovic, I. (2000). "Chemical composition and antioxidant effect of glycosidically bound volatile compounds from oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum)". Food. Chem., vol 71, pp. 79-83.
• [42] Ranjbar, A., Khorami, S., Safarabadi, M., Shahmoradi, A., Malekirad, A.A., Vakilian, K., Mandegary, A., Abdollahi, M. (2006). "Antioxidant Activity of Iranian Echium amoenum Fisch & C.A. Mey Flower Decoction in Humans: A cross-sectional Before/After Clinical Trial". Evid. based. Complement. Altern. Med., vol 3, pp. 469-473.
• [43] Niciforovic, N., Solujic, S., Mihailovic, V., Pavlovic-Muratspahic, D. (2010). "In vitro antioxidant activity and tannin content of Echium italicum L". Planta. Med., vol 76, pp. P248.
• [44] Edziri, H., Mastouri, M., Aouni, M., Verschaeve, L. (2012). "Polyphenols content, antioxidant and antiviral activities of leaf extracts of Marrubium deserti growing in Tunisia". S. Afr. J. Bot., vol 80, pp. 104-109.
• [45] Anu, G., Usha, P. (2017). "Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant study of chloroform soluble fraction of Thespesia populnea bark extract". J. Lives. Sci., vol 8, pp. 77-80.
• [46] Škerget, M., Kotnik, P., Hadolin, M., Hraš, A.R., Simonič, M., Knez, Ž., (2005). "Phenols, proanthocyanidins, flavones and flavonols in some plant materials and their antioxidant activities". Food. Chem., vol 89, pp. 191-198.
• [47] Karagözler, A.A., Erdağ, B., Emek, Y.Ç., Uygun, D.A. (2008). "Antioxidant activity and proline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata". Food. Chem., vol 111, pp. 400-407.
• [48] Majumdar, M., Parihar, P.S. (2012). "Antibacterial, anti-oxidant and antiglycation potential of Costus pictus from southern region, India". Asian. J. Plant. Sci. Res., vol 2, pp 95-102.
• [49] Gupta, D., Kaul, V. (2017). " Antioxidant Activity Vis-a-Vis Phenolic Content in Leaves of Seabuckthorn from Kargil District (J&K, India): A Preliminary Study". Natl. Acada. Sci. Lett., vol 40, pp. 53–56.
• [50] Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., Kaur, H. (2011). "Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review". Int. pharm. Scie., vol 1, pp. 98-106.
• [51] Eruygur, N., Ataş, M., Çevir, Ö., Tekin, M. (2017). "Investigating of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Proliferative Properties of Different Extracts of Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. and Velen. Endemic Medicinal Plant from Sivas, Turkey". International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, vol 4 (3, Special Issue 1), pp. 155-166. DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.369775
• [52] Bektaş, E., Kaltalıoğlu, K., Şahin, H., Türkmen, Z., Kandemir, A. (2018). "Analysis of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some endemic medicinal plants". International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, vol 5 (2), pp. 75-86. DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.392354
• [53] Shen, C.-C., Syu, W.-J., Li, S.-Y., Lin, C.-H., Lee, G.-H., Sun, C.-M. (1862). "Antimicrobial activities of naphthazarins from arnebia e uchroma". J. Nat. Prod., vol 65, pp. 1857-1862.
• [54] Tabata, M., Tsukada, M., Fukui, H. (1982). "Antimicrobial activity of quinone derivatives from Echium lycopsis callus cultures". Planta. Med., vol 44, pp. 234-236.
• [55] Abolhassani, M. (2010). "Antiviral activity of borage (Echium amoenum)". Archive of medical science: AMS, vol 6, pp. 366.
• [56] Metrouh-Amir, H., Duarte, C.M., Maiza, F. (2015). "Solvent effect on total phenolic contents, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Matricaria pubescens". Ind. Crop. Prod., vol 67, pp. 249-256.
• [57] Parekh, J., Jadeja, D., Chanda, S. (2006). "Efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of some medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity". Turk. J. Biol., vol 29, pp. 203-210.
• [58] Cowan, M.M. (1999). "Plant products as antimicrobial agents". Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol 12, pp. 564-582.
• [59] Nang, H., May, C.Y., Ngan, M., Hock, C.C. (2007). "Extraction and identification of water soluble compounds in Palm Pressed Fiber by SC-CO2 and GC-MS". Am. J. Environ. Sci., vol 3, pp. 54-59.
• [60] Yamaji, K., Ishimoto, N., Usui, H., Mori, S. (2005). "Organic acids and water-soluble phenolics produced by Paxillus sp. 60/92 together show antifungal activity against Pythium vexans under acidic culture conditions". Mycorrhiza, vol 15, pp. 17-23.
• [61] Khalil, A., Dababneh, B.F., Al-Gabbiesh, A.H. (2009). "Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms by extracts from herbal Jordanian plants". J. Food. Agric. Env., vol 7, pp. 103-106.
• [62] Masoodi, M.H., Ahmed, B., Zargar, I.M., Khan, S.A., Khan, S., Singh, P. (2008). "Antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Marrubium vulgare". Afri. J. Biotechnol., vol 7, pp.086-087.
• [63] Mohammadi. S., Piri, Kh. (2014). " Antifungal effects of two medicinal plant native to Iran". Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res., vol 2, pp. 2712–2715.