BibTex RIS Cite

Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma

Year 2014, Volume: 43 Issue: 2, 351 - 367, 14.11.2014

Aytül Özdemir

Abstract

Bu çalışmada bireylerde girişimcilik davranışının ortaya çıkmasını etkileyen girişimcilik eğilimi Amerika ve Türkiye'deki üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Girişimcilik eğilimi Bireycilik-toplulukçuluk Benlik saygısı Benlik gelişimi

References

  • J.A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, Harvard University Press, Canada, 1934, 57-95.
  • I.M. Kirzner, Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1973, 213-225.
  • P.F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Harper Business, New York, USA, 1985, 36.
  • S. Birley, The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 107-117 (1986).
  • D.L. Birch, The Job Generating Process, MIT Publications, Cambridge, 1979.
  • M. Harper, Enterprise Development in Poorer Nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 15, 7-11 (1991).
  • W. J. Baumol, Entrepreneurship and a Century of Growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 2, 141-145 (1986).
  • W.B. Gartner, A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation. Academy of Management Review, 10, 4, 696-706 (1985).
  • P.B. Robinson, D.V. Stimpson, J.C. Huefner, H.K. Hunt, An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer, 13- 31 (1991).
  • R.G. McGrath, I. C. MacMillan, S. Scheinberg, Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualists? An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Differences between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 115-135 (1992).
  • M. Erez, P.C. Earley, Comparative Analysis of Goal-Setting Strategies across Cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 4, 658-665 (1987).
  • S. Mueller, A.Thomas, Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine-Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 51-75 (2000).
  • D. Huisman, Entrepreneurship: Economic and Cultural Influences on the Entrepreneurial Climate. European Research, 13, 4, 10-17 (1985).
  • E. Diener, M. Diener, Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663 (1995).
  • G. Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: Intemational Differences in Work Related Values. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1980, 65-108.
  • Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı, Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context: Implications for Self and Family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 4, 403-422 (2005).
  • D. Oyserman, H.Coon, M. Kemmelmeier, Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-Analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72 (2002).
  • H C. Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1995, 1-288.
  • Y. Kashima, S. Yamaguchi, U. Kim, S.C. Choi, M.J. Gelfand, M.Yuki, Culture, Gender, and Self: A Perspective from Individualism-Collectivism Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 5, 925-937 (1995).
  • D. Oyserman, S.W. Lee, Does Culture Influence What and How We Think? Effects of Priming Individualism and Collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 2, 311-342 (2008).
  • H.Triandis, The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 3, 506-520 (1989).
  • M. Göregenli, Kültürümüz Açısından Bireycilik-Toplulukçuluk Eğilimleri: Bir Başlangıç Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10, 35, 1-14 (1995).
  • H.C.Triandis, Individualism-Collectivism and Personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 6, 907-924 (2001).
  • C.H. Hui, H.C. Triandis, Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Cross-Cultural Researchers. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,17, 225-248 (1986).
  • H. Markus, S. Kitayama, Culture and Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253 (1991).
  • M.J. Gelfand, N, Dyer, A Cultural Perspective on Negotiation: Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects. Applied Psychology, 49, 1, 62–99 (2000).
  • J.A. Wagner, Study of Individualism–Collectivism: Effects on Cooperation in Groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1, 152–170 (1985).
  • S.H. Schwartz, Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values, Sage Publications, USA, 1994, 85-119.
  • Ç.Kağıtçıbaşı, Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 3.Baskı İstanbul, 2012, 122-126.
  • T.M. Singelis, H.C.Triandis, D.P.S. Bhawuk, M.J. Gelfand, M. Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29, 3, 241–275 (1995).
  • S. Shavitt, A.K. Lalwani, J. Zhang, C.J. Torelli, The Horizontal/Vertical Distinction in Cross-Cultural Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16, 4, 325- 342 (2006).
  • D.Lehman, C. Chiue, M.Schaller, Psychology and Culture. Annual Review Psychology, 55, 689–714 (2004).
  • A. P. Fiske, Complementarity Theory: Why Human Social Capacities Evolved to Require Cultural Complements. Personal Social Psychology Review, 4, 76–94 (2000).
  • E.O.İmamoğlu, G. Günaydın, E. Selçuk, Özgün Benliğin Yordayıcıları Olarak Kendileşme ve İlişkililik:Cinsiyetin ve Kültürel Yönelimlerin Ötesinde. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26, 67, 27-43 (2011).
  • M. Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1965, 326.
  • A.G. Greenwald, The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and Revision of Personal History. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618. (1980).
  • T. Pyszczynski, J. Greenberg, S. Solomon, J. Arndt, J. Schimel, Why do People Need Self-esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 3, 435-468 (2004).
  • P.J. Watson, J. Sherbak, R.J. Morris, Irrational Beliefs, Individualism-Collectivism, and Adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 2, 173-179 (1998).
  • M. Ross, A.E. Wilson, It Feels Like Yesterday: Self-esteem, Valence of Personal Past Experiences, and Judgments of Subjective Distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5, 792-803 (2002).
  • S.J.Heine, H.R.Markus, D.Lehman, S.Kitayama, Is There a Universal Need for Positive Self-regard. Psychological Review, 160, 4, 766-794 (1999).
  • S. Venkatraman, The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research: An Editor’s Perspective. içinde J. Katz, R. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, Greenwich, JAI Press, 1997, 119–138.
  • I. M. Kirzner, Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 3, 60–85, (1997).
  • R.P. Singh, G.E. Hills, G.T. Lumpkin, R.C. Hybels, The Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Process: Examining the Role of Self-Perceived Alertness and Social Networks. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, G1-G6 (1999).
  • R.G. Schwartz, R. D. Teach, N.J.A. Birch, A Longitudinal Study of Entrepreneurial Firms Opportunity Recognition and Product Development Management Strategies: Implications by Firm Type. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11, 4, 315-329 (2005).
  • N. Krueger, The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18, 1, 5–21 (1993).
  • B.Bird, Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-453 (1988).
  • E. Autio, R.H. Keeley, M. Klofsten, G.G.C.Parker, M. Hay, Entrepreneurial Intent among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2, 2, 145-160 (2001).
  • N. Krueger, A.L. Carsrud, Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5, 315-330 (1993).
  • H. Zhao, S.E. Seibert, G.E. Hills, The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology,90, 1265- 1272 (2005).
  • N. Krueger, D.V. Brazeal, Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 91-104 (1994).
  • I. Ajzen, The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211 (1991).
  • R.W. Tafarodi, W.B. Swann, Two-dimensional Self-esteem: Theory and Measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 5, 653-673. (2001).
  • H. T. Vesela, K. M. Vesela, Entrepreneurs and Producers: Identities of Finnish Farmers in 2001 and 2006. Journal of Rural Studies, 26, 21-30 (2010).
  • D. P. Forbes, Are Some Entrepreneurs More Overconfident than Others. Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 623–640 (2005).
  • W. D. Bygrave, C.W. Hofer, Theorizing about Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 2, 13-22 (1991).
  • W.B. Gartner, Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation. Academy of Management Review, 10, 696–706 (1985).
  • J.D. Campbell, L.F. Lavallee, L. F. Who am I? The Role of Self-Concept Confusion in Understanding the Behavior of People with Low Self-Esteem. içinde Roy F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-Esteem, Springer US., 1993, 3-20.
  • S.A. Heimpel, A.J. Elliot, J.V. Wood, Basic Personality Dispositions, Self‐esteem, and Personal Goals: An Approach‐Avoidance Analysis. Journal of Personality, 74, 5, 1293-1320 (2006).
  • R. F. Baumeister, J. D. Campbell, J. I. Krueger, K. D. Vohs, Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Hapiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?. Psychological Science in Public Interest, 4, 1, 1-44, (2003).
  • H. Zhao, S.E. Seibert, G.T. Lumpkin, The Relationship of Personality to Entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Management, 36, 2, 381-404 (2010).
  • S.A. Wasti, S. E. Erdil, Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi: Benlik Kurgusu ve INDCOL Ölçeklerinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, 39-66 (2007).
  • F. Çuhadaroğlu, Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1986.
  • L. Kolvereid, Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21, 1, 47-57 (1996).
  • A. Field, Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Sage Publications, 2009, 627-671.
  • Ş. Büyüköztürk, Faktör Analizi: Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yöntemi, 32, 470-483 (2002).
  • C.Robert, W.C. Lee, K. Chan, An Empirical Analysis of Measurement Equivalence with The INDCOL Measure of Individualism and Collectivism: Implications for Valid Cross-Cultural Inference. Personnel Psychology. 59, 95-99 (2006).
  • C. S. Çukur, M.R. Guzman, G. Carlo, Religiosity, Values and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines.Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology, Paper 337, (2004).
  • A. Erkuş, M. Banai, Attitudes towards Questionable Negotiation Tactics in Turkey. International Journal of Conflict Management, 22, 239-263 (2011).
  • M. Göregenli, Individualist-Collectivist Tendencies in a Turkish Sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 787-794 (1997).
  • E.O. İmamoğlu, Y. Yasak-Gültekin, Önerilen Dengelenmiş Toplumsal Birey Modeli Işığında Üniversite Gençliğinin Sorunları: 1982-1992 Döneminde Yayınlanan Araştırmalara İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme, Yorum ve Öneriler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 8, 30, 27-41 (1993).
  • E. O. İmamoğlu, Individualism and Collectivism in a Model and Scale of Balanced Differentiation and Integration. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 1, 95-105 (1998).
  • A.K. Üskül, M. Hynie, R.N. Lalonde, Interdependence as a Mediator between Culture and Interpersonal Closeness for Euro-Canadians and Turks. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 35, 2, 174-191 (2004).
  • Z.K. Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Self, Identity, and Emotional Well-being among Turkish University Students. The Journal of Psychology, 138, 5, 457-480 (2004).
  • E.O. İmamoğlu, Z. Karakitapoĝlu-Aygün, Self-Construals and Values in Different Cultural and Socioeconomic Contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 4, 277-306 (2004).
  • Ü. Yetim, The Impacts of Individualism/Collectivism, Self-Esteem, and Feelings of Mastery on Life Satisfaction among the Turkish University Students and Academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61, 297-317 (2003).
  • C. Uslay, R.D. Teach, R. G. Schwartz, Promoting Entrepreneurship for Economic Development: A Cross-cultural Analysis of Student Attitudes. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 4, 2, 101-118 (2002).
  • Z. Aygün-Karakitapoğlu, M. Arslan, S. Güney, Work Values of Turkish and American University Students. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 2, 205-223 (2008).
  • A.S. Thomas, S.L. Mueller, A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, 2, 287-301 (2000).
  • R.G. McGrath, I.C. MacMillan, More Like Each Other than Anyone Else? A Cross- cultural Study of Entrepreneurial Perceptions. Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 5, 419-429 (1992).
  • J.T. Spence, Achievement American Style: The Rewards and Costs of Individualism. American Psychologist, 40, 12, 1285-1295 (1985).
  • J. Verma, The Ingroup and Its Relevance to Individual Behaviour: A Study of Collectivism and Individualism. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 28, 3, 173-181 (1985).

-

Year 2014, Volume: 43 Issue: 2, 351 - 367, 14.11.2014

Aytül Özdemir

Abstract

Bu çalışmada bireylerde girişimcilik davranışının ortaya çıkmasını etkileyen girişimcilik eğilimi Amerika ve Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde incelenmiştir. Öncelikle kültürler arası farklılıkları/benzerlikleri açıklamada sıklıkla kullanılan bireycilik ve toplulukçuluk boyutları ile benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Ardından benlik saygısının girişimcilik eğilimiyle arasındaki ilişki iki ülke örneklemi üzerinde analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular yatay bireycilik ve dikey toplulukçuluk boyutlarının Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna karşın benlik saygısı düzeyinde katılımcılar arasında bir farklılık bulunmadığı gibi benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik arasında bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır. Amerikan üniversite öğrencilerinin girişimcilik eğiliminin, Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin eğilimlerinden daha yüksek olduğu ve bu eğilim ile dikey bireycilik arasında olumlu bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır

Keywords

-

References

  • J.A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, Harvard University Press, Canada, 1934, 57-95.
  • I.M. Kirzner, Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1973, 213-225.
  • P.F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Harper Business, New York, USA, 1985, 36.
  • S. Birley, The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 107-117 (1986).
  • D.L. Birch, The Job Generating Process, MIT Publications, Cambridge, 1979.
  • M. Harper, Enterprise Development in Poorer Nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 15, 7-11 (1991).
  • W. J. Baumol, Entrepreneurship and a Century of Growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 2, 141-145 (1986).
  • W.B. Gartner, A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation. Academy of Management Review, 10, 4, 696-706 (1985).
  • P.B. Robinson, D.V. Stimpson, J.C. Huefner, H.K. Hunt, An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer, 13- 31 (1991).
  • R.G. McGrath, I. C. MacMillan, S. Scheinberg, Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualists? An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Differences between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 115-135 (1992).
  • M. Erez, P.C. Earley, Comparative Analysis of Goal-Setting Strategies across Cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 4, 658-665 (1987).
  • S. Mueller, A.Thomas, Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine-Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 51-75 (2000).
  • D. Huisman, Entrepreneurship: Economic and Cultural Influences on the Entrepreneurial Climate. European Research, 13, 4, 10-17 (1985).
  • E. Diener, M. Diener, Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663 (1995).
  • G. Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: Intemational Differences in Work Related Values. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1980, 65-108.
  • Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı, Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context: Implications for Self and Family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 4, 403-422 (2005).
  • D. Oyserman, H.Coon, M. Kemmelmeier, Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-Analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72 (2002).
  • H C. Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1995, 1-288.
  • Y. Kashima, S. Yamaguchi, U. Kim, S.C. Choi, M.J. Gelfand, M.Yuki, Culture, Gender, and Self: A Perspective from Individualism-Collectivism Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 5, 925-937 (1995).
  • D. Oyserman, S.W. Lee, Does Culture Influence What and How We Think? Effects of Priming Individualism and Collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 2, 311-342 (2008).
  • H.Triandis, The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 3, 506-520 (1989).
  • M. Göregenli, Kültürümüz Açısından Bireycilik-Toplulukçuluk Eğilimleri: Bir Başlangıç Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10, 35, 1-14 (1995).
  • H.C.Triandis, Individualism-Collectivism and Personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 6, 907-924 (2001).
  • C.H. Hui, H.C. Triandis, Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Cross-Cultural Researchers. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,17, 225-248 (1986).
  • H. Markus, S. Kitayama, Culture and Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253 (1991).
  • M.J. Gelfand, N, Dyer, A Cultural Perspective on Negotiation: Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects. Applied Psychology, 49, 1, 62–99 (2000).
  • J.A. Wagner, Study of Individualism–Collectivism: Effects on Cooperation in Groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1, 152–170 (1985).
  • S.H. Schwartz, Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values, Sage Publications, USA, 1994, 85-119.
  • Ç.Kağıtçıbaşı, Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 3.Baskı İstanbul, 2012, 122-126.
  • T.M. Singelis, H.C.Triandis, D.P.S. Bhawuk, M.J. Gelfand, M. Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29, 3, 241–275 (1995).
  • S. Shavitt, A.K. Lalwani, J. Zhang, C.J. Torelli, The Horizontal/Vertical Distinction in Cross-Cultural Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16, 4, 325- 342 (2006).
  • D.Lehman, C. Chiue, M.Schaller, Psychology and Culture. Annual Review Psychology, 55, 689–714 (2004).
  • A. P. Fiske, Complementarity Theory: Why Human Social Capacities Evolved to Require Cultural Complements. Personal Social Psychology Review, 4, 76–94 (2000).
  • E.O.İmamoğlu, G. Günaydın, E. Selçuk, Özgün Benliğin Yordayıcıları Olarak Kendileşme ve İlişkililik:Cinsiyetin ve Kültürel Yönelimlerin Ötesinde. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26, 67, 27-43 (2011).
  • M. Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1965, 326.
  • A.G. Greenwald, The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and Revision of Personal History. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618. (1980).
  • T. Pyszczynski, J. Greenberg, S. Solomon, J. Arndt, J. Schimel, Why do People Need Self-esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 3, 435-468 (2004).
  • P.J. Watson, J. Sherbak, R.J. Morris, Irrational Beliefs, Individualism-Collectivism, and Adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 2, 173-179 (1998).
  • M. Ross, A.E. Wilson, It Feels Like Yesterday: Self-esteem, Valence of Personal Past Experiences, and Judgments of Subjective Distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5, 792-803 (2002).
  • S.J.Heine, H.R.Markus, D.Lehman, S.Kitayama, Is There a Universal Need for Positive Self-regard. Psychological Review, 160, 4, 766-794 (1999).
  • S. Venkatraman, The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research: An Editor’s Perspective. içinde J. Katz, R. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, Greenwich, JAI Press, 1997, 119–138.
  • I. M. Kirzner, Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 3, 60–85, (1997).
  • R.P. Singh, G.E. Hills, G.T. Lumpkin, R.C. Hybels, The Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Process: Examining the Role of Self-Perceived Alertness and Social Networks. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, G1-G6 (1999).
  • R.G. Schwartz, R. D. Teach, N.J.A. Birch, A Longitudinal Study of Entrepreneurial Firms Opportunity Recognition and Product Development Management Strategies: Implications by Firm Type. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11, 4, 315-329 (2005).
  • N. Krueger, The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18, 1, 5–21 (1993).
  • B.Bird, Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-453 (1988).
  • E. Autio, R.H. Keeley, M. Klofsten, G.G.C.Parker, M. Hay, Entrepreneurial Intent among Students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2, 2, 145-160 (2001).
  • N. Krueger, A.L. Carsrud, Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5, 315-330 (1993).
  • H. Zhao, S.E. Seibert, G.E. Hills, The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology,90, 1265- 1272 (2005).
  • N. Krueger, D.V. Brazeal, Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 91-104 (1994).
  • I. Ajzen, The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211 (1991).
  • R.W. Tafarodi, W.B. Swann, Two-dimensional Self-esteem: Theory and Measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 5, 653-673. (2001).
  • H. T. Vesela, K. M. Vesela, Entrepreneurs and Producers: Identities of Finnish Farmers in 2001 and 2006. Journal of Rural Studies, 26, 21-30 (2010).
  • D. P. Forbes, Are Some Entrepreneurs More Overconfident than Others. Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 623–640 (2005).
  • W. D. Bygrave, C.W. Hofer, Theorizing about Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 2, 13-22 (1991).
  • W.B. Gartner, Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation. Academy of Management Review, 10, 696–706 (1985).
  • J.D. Campbell, L.F. Lavallee, L. F. Who am I? The Role of Self-Concept Confusion in Understanding the Behavior of People with Low Self-Esteem. içinde Roy F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-Esteem, Springer US., 1993, 3-20.
  • S.A. Heimpel, A.J. Elliot, J.V. Wood, Basic Personality Dispositions, Self‐esteem, and Personal Goals: An Approach‐Avoidance Analysis. Journal of Personality, 74, 5, 1293-1320 (2006).
  • R. F. Baumeister, J. D. Campbell, J. I. Krueger, K. D. Vohs, Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Hapiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?. Psychological Science in Public Interest, 4, 1, 1-44, (2003).
  • H. Zhao, S.E. Seibert, G.T. Lumpkin, The Relationship of Personality to Entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Management, 36, 2, 381-404 (2010).
  • S.A. Wasti, S. E. Erdil, Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi: Benlik Kurgusu ve INDCOL Ölçeklerinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, 39-66 (2007).
  • F. Çuhadaroğlu, Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1986.
  • L. Kolvereid, Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21, 1, 47-57 (1996).
  • A. Field, Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Sage Publications, 2009, 627-671.
  • Ş. Büyüköztürk, Faktör Analizi: Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yöntemi, 32, 470-483 (2002).
  • C.Robert, W.C. Lee, K. Chan, An Empirical Analysis of Measurement Equivalence with The INDCOL Measure of Individualism and Collectivism: Implications for Valid Cross-Cultural Inference. Personnel Psychology. 59, 95-99 (2006).
  • C. S. Çukur, M.R. Guzman, G. Carlo, Religiosity, Values and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines.Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology, Paper 337, (2004).
  • A. Erkuş, M. Banai, Attitudes towards Questionable Negotiation Tactics in Turkey. International Journal of Conflict Management, 22, 239-263 (2011).
  • M. Göregenli, Individualist-Collectivist Tendencies in a Turkish Sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 787-794 (1997).
  • E.O. İmamoğlu, Y. Yasak-Gültekin, Önerilen Dengelenmiş Toplumsal Birey Modeli Işığında Üniversite Gençliğinin Sorunları: 1982-1992 Döneminde Yayınlanan Araştırmalara İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme, Yorum ve Öneriler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 8, 30, 27-41 (1993).
  • E. O. İmamoğlu, Individualism and Collectivism in a Model and Scale of Balanced Differentiation and Integration. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 1, 95-105 (1998).
  • A.K. Üskül, M. Hynie, R.N. Lalonde, Interdependence as a Mediator between Culture and Interpersonal Closeness for Euro-Canadians and Turks. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 35, 2, 174-191 (2004).
  • Z.K. Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Self, Identity, and Emotional Well-being among Turkish University Students. The Journal of Psychology, 138, 5, 457-480 (2004).
  • E.O. İmamoğlu, Z. Karakitapoĝlu-Aygün, Self-Construals and Values in Different Cultural and Socioeconomic Contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 4, 277-306 (2004).
  • Ü. Yetim, The Impacts of Individualism/Collectivism, Self-Esteem, and Feelings of Mastery on Life Satisfaction among the Turkish University Students and Academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61, 297-317 (2003).
  • C. Uslay, R.D. Teach, R. G. Schwartz, Promoting Entrepreneurship for Economic Development: A Cross-cultural Analysis of Student Attitudes. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 4, 2, 101-118 (2002).
  • Z. Aygün-Karakitapoğlu, M. Arslan, S. Güney, Work Values of Turkish and American University Students. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 2, 205-223 (2008).
  • A.S. Thomas, S.L. Mueller, A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, 2, 287-301 (2000).
  • R.G. McGrath, I.C. MacMillan, More Like Each Other than Anyone Else? A Cross- cultural Study of Entrepreneurial Perceptions. Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 5, 419-429 (1992).
  • J.T. Spence, Achievement American Style: The Rewards and Costs of Individualism. American Psychologist, 40, 12, 1285-1295 (1985).
  • J. Verma, The Ingroup and Its Relevance to Individual Behaviour: A Study of Collectivism and Individualism. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 28, 3, 173-181 (1985).
There are 81 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Organizational Behaviour
Authors

Aytül Özdemir This is me

Publication Date November 14, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 43 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özdemir, A. (2014). Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 351-367.
AMA Özdemir A. Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. November 2014;43(2):351-367.
Chicago Özdemir, Aytül. “Kültür, Benlik saygısı Ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan Ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı Bir çalışma”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 43, no. 2 (November 2014): 351-67.
EndNote Özdemir A (November 1, 2014) Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 43 2 351–367.
IEEE A. Özdemir, “Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 351–367, 2014.
ISNAD Özdemir, Aytül. “Kültür, Benlik saygısı Ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan Ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı Bir çalışma”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 43/2 (November 2014), 351-367.
JAMA Özdemir A. Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;43:351–367.
MLA Özdemir, Aytül. “Kültür, Benlik saygısı Ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan Ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı Bir çalışma”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 2, 2014, pp. 351-67.
Vancouver Özdemir A. Kültür, benlik saygısı ve girişimcilik eğilimi: Amerikan ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;43(2):351-67.